Influence of pellet length, content of fines, and moisture content on emission behavior of wood pellets in a residential pellet stove and pellet boiler

Table 2 Fuel parameters required by ISO 17225–2 and additional parameters analyzed following international standards for solid biofuels

Fuel parameter	Standard	Unit
Diameter and length	ISO 17829 [16]	mm
Moisture content, M	ISO 18134–1 [17], ISO 18134–2 [18]	w-%, ar
Ash content, A	ISO 18122 [19]	w-%, d
Durability, DU	ISO 17831–1 [20]	w-%, ar
Fines, F	ISO 18846 [21]	w-%, ar
Net calorific value, Q	ISO 18125 [22]	MJ/kg or kWh/kg, ar
Bulk density, BD	ISO 17828 [23]	kg/m³, ar
Particle density, PD	ISO 18847 [24]	kg/m³
Total inorganic carbon (TIC) of fuel ash	-	w-%
Nitrogen (N), determined according to ISO and Kjeldahl method	ISO 16948 [25], additional DIN 51,722–1 [26]	w-%, d
Sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl)	ISO 16994 [27]	w-%, d
Aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphor (P), potassium (K), silicon (Si), sodium (Na)	ISO 16967 [28]	mg/kg, d
Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chrome (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), zink (Zn)	ISO 16968 [29]	mg/kg, d