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Activated bentonite clay–based dry-wash purification of waste cooking oil biodiesel in comparison with a wet washing process

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Abstract

Biodiesel obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils and fats is an alternative for petro-diesel fuel. Purification of biodiesel is one of the crucial steps in the production of biodiesel. The conventional wet washing of biodiesel involves huge quantities of water, energy, and time. Therefore, dry washing was carried out with raw bentonite clay, sulfuric acid–activated bentonite clay, and calcinated bentonite clay. Bentonite clay of 200 mesh size, activated with 0.5 M sulfuric acid mediated dry washing, showed best results in the removal of soap residue and free fatty acids with stirring for 60 min at 60 °C temperature. The comparative studies with wet washing using bore well water, reverse osmosis water, and distilled water showed that the sulfuric acid activated bentonite to be efficient in the purification of biodiesel.

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Data availability

The data generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

FAME:

Fatty acid mono-alkyl ester

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

BJH:

Barrett-Joyner-Halenda

FTIR-ATR:

Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy attenuated total reflection

RO:

Reverse osmosis

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

EN:

European norm

BD:

Bio-diesel

MB:

Methylene blue

CV:

Crystal violet

RB:

Rhodamine B

FFA:

Free fatty acid

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Dr. Balakrishna Gowda, Retired Professor, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore for his valuable guidance. Thanks are also due to Dr. A.N. Balakrishna for editing of the manuscript.

Funding

Karnataka State Bioenergy Development Board, Government of Karnataka, India, provided financial support for the research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bull Temple Road, Bangalore, 560004, India

    G. N. Rameshaiah & B. Jyothi

  2. Bioenergy Research and Quality Assurance Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India

    Rajesh Kumar Kodi, V. Deepika & K. T. Prasanna

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  1. G. N. Rameshaiah
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Contributions

Rameshaiah G.N: research supervision, manuscript editing.

Rajesh Kumar Kodi: method formulation; guidance, data analysis, manuscript preparation.

Jyothi B: analytical work, and data compilation.

Deepika V: analytical work, biochemical analysis.

Prasanna K.T: guidance and research facility

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Correspondence to Rajesh Kumar Kodi.

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Rameshaiah, G.N., Kodi, R.K., Jyothi, B. et al. Activated bentonite clay–based dry-wash purification of waste cooking oil biodiesel in comparison with a wet washing process. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 5135–5147 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03188-4

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