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Recycling efficiency of Rhodopseudomonas faecalis PA2 immobilized in Ca-alginate for waste cooking oil removal

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Abstract

Although waste treatment using photosynthetic bacteria provides beneficial products, the use of free cells limits product recovery and biomass recycling. This research demonstrated the recycling efficiency of Rhodopseudomonas faecalis PA2 immobilized in Ca-alginate for waste cooking oil removal and value-added product recovery and provided a strategy to improve alginate bead stability. Oil removal by immobilized bacteria increased during recycling, but the beads cracked after 3 cycles. To improve bead stability and recycling time, the used beads were immersed in 2% CaCl2 for 24 h before use in each cycle to facilitate Ca2+ coordination in the alginate. After 10 cycles (90 days), the treated beads showed no disintegration and removed 76.26% oil, an increase of 53.87% over single-use beads. The scanning electron microscopic images revealed no surface damage; the internal pores of the cross-section bead where bacteria resided remained unchanged, whereas the untreated bead was destroyed. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed an increase in Ca2+ in the treated beads, indicating Ca2+ absorption during bead immersion. The recovery of value-added products after 10 treatment cycles demonstrated an increase in biomass, protein, and carotenoids by 554.05%, 68.38%, and 2,719.10%, respectively, compared to that for single-use immobilized bacteria. The proposed method to enhance alginate bead recycling, as well as photosynthetic bacteria immobilized in alginate beads, could be a viable alternative for the long-term treatment of waste cooking oil.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Royal Golden Jubilee Scholarship (PHD/0156/2561), Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), and Research and Graduate Studies at Khon Kaen University.

Funding

This work was supported by the Royal Golden Jubilee Scholarship (PHD/0156/2561), Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), and Research and Graduate Studies at Khon Kaen University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Anuwat Chaiyarat & Chewapat Saejung

  2. Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management (EHSM), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Chewapat Saejung

Authors
  1. Anuwat Chaiyarat
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Contributions

A.C. and C.S. contributed to conceptualization; A.C. and C.S. contributed to methodology; A.C. and C.S. contributed to formal analysis and investigation; C.S. contributed to writing—original draft preparation, review, and editing; C.S. contributed to funding acquisition; C.S. provided the resources.

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Correspondence to Chewapat Saejung.

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Supplementary Information

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Supplementary material 1

Schematic diagram depicting the incorporation of Ca2+ into the beads after each removal cycle by immersing them in CaCl2 solution. (PNG 1166 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 233 kb)

Supplementary material 2

A Gaussian curve presenting the size distribution of alginate beads after each oil removal cycle. (PDF 166 kb)

Supplementary material 3

A Gaussian curve presenting the size distribution of alginate beads treated with CaCl2 after each oil removal cycle. (PDF 368 kb)

Supplementary material 4

Schematic diagram showing how immersion in CaCl2 solution improves bead stability after each removal cycle. (PNG 1556 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 325 kb)

Supplementary material 5

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of polyhydroxybutyrate of the immobilized cells. (PNG 417 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 62 kb)

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Chaiyarat, A., Saejung, C. Recycling efficiency of Rhodopseudomonas faecalis PA2 immobilized in Ca-alginate for waste cooking oil removal. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 10431–10442 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03181-x

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