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Shells of Archachatina marginata as bio-coagulant in the purification of industrial effluent: optimization, characterization, and kinetics

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Abstract

Unmodified Archachatina marginata shells (AM) and modified AM (MAM) were used for paint industry wastewater treatment as bio-coagulants. The proximate composition, pH of zero point charge, porosity, true density, bulk density, and surface area of AM and MAM were all assessed. The AM and MAM bio-coagulants were further characterized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), and XRD (x-ray diffraction), while the wastewater was physicochemically evaluated. The coagulation-flocculation process was optimized using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The characterization results showed an improvement in the porosity (76.480%), surface area (83.00 m2/g), and true density (5.00 g/cm3) of MAM compared to the AM’s porosity of 57.15%, surface area of 58 m2/g, and true density of 2.783 g/cm3, respectively. The optimum color removal conditions were 78.02% and 81.61% at 500 mg/L, pH 2, and 20 min for AM and MAM, respectively. The maximum turbidity removal efficiency of AM and MAM was 84.79% and 88.94% at a dosage of 500 mg/L and a time of 30 min, respectively. The modification enhanced the surface area, porosity, and pollutants removal and was supported by SEM. Coagulation-flocculation kinetics showed that the rate of coagulation-flocculation is dependent on the colloid particles of the paint wastewater and the coagulant.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to appreciate the efforts of all the technologists of Pure and Industrial Chemistry Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, and Springboard Laboratory Awka for the job well done.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

    Ifeoma MaryJane Iloamaeke, Augustine Nnaluo Eboatu & Theresa Uzoma Onuegbu

  2. Department of Chemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

    Nnaemeka Nnaji

Authors
  1. Ifeoma MaryJane Iloamaeke
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  2. Nnaemeka Nnaji
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  3. Augustine Nnaluo Eboatu
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  4. Theresa Uzoma Onuegbu
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Contributions

Ifeoma Iloamaeke: Conceptualization, original draft, investigation. Nnaemeka Nnaji: Data curation, validation, formal analysis. Augustine Eboatu: Writing—review and editing. Thersa Onuegbu: Supervision.

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Correspondence to Ifeoma MaryJane Iloamaeke.

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Iloamaeke, I.M., Nnaji, N., Eboatu, A.N. et al. Shells of Archachatina marginata as bio-coagulant in the purification of industrial effluent: optimization, characterization, and kinetics. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 13633–13652 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03095-8

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