Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Studies on the ZnCl2 activated carbons derived from Sabal palmetto and Pterospermum acerifolium leaves for EDLC application

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this work, comparative studies on the activated carbons (ACs), derived from of Sabal palmetto and Pterospermum acerifolium trees, are presented for electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) application. The objective of this work is to obtain ACs from a novel biomass using a cost-effective synthesis approach. In this work, we have used Sabal palmetto and Pterospermum acerifolium leaves (dead leaves) as precursors for ACs for the first time. Both dead leaves and fresh precursors are available in huge amounts. In order to reduce the production cost, no specific gaseous environment is used during any synthesis step. The obtained ACs are found to show respectably high surface area and porosity. The respective ACs were synthesized in a cost-effective way via carbonization of the leaves followed by chemical activation with ZnCl2 and thermal activation at ambient conditions. The structural and morphological studies were done using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The electrochemical performance of the ACs, as electrodes in EDLC, was studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Sabal palmetto (SP) and Pterospermum acerifolium (PA) based nanostructured ACs display high specific surface area of 971 m2 g−1 and 1151 m2 g−1 and crystallite size of ~ 47.45 nm and ~ 67.83 nm respectively. The Sabal palmetto–derived AC possesses higher value of mesopore/micropore volume ratio (Vmeso/Vmicro) as ~ 0.89 than that of derived from Pterospermum acerifolium (Vmeso/Vmicro ~ 0.64). The EDLC fabricated using Sabal palmetto–derived AC delivers specific capacitance of 90.98 F g−1, which is about twice of Pterospermum acerifolium–derived activated carbon. The EDLC utilizing the Sabal palmetto–derived AC demonstrates superior capacity retention of 98.7% after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

References

  1. Bergna D, Varila T, Romar H, Lassi U (2018) Comparison of the properties of activated carbons produced in one-stage and two-stage processes. C-Journal of Carbon research 4:41. https://doi.org/10.3390/c4030041

  2. Samantara AK, Ratha S (2018) Historical background and present status of the supercapacitors. In: Samantara AK, Ratha S (eds) Materials development for active/passive components of a supercapacitor: background, present status and future perspective. Springer, Singapore, pp 9–10

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Singh Syali M, Mishra K, Kanchan DK, Kumar D (2021) Studies on a novel Na+ superionic conducting polymer gel cocktail electrolyte membrane immobilizing molecular liquid mixture of carbonates, tetraglyme and ionic liquid. J Mol Liq 341:116922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Şahin Ö, Yardim Y, Baytar O, Saka C (2020) Enhanced electrochemical double-layer capacitive performance with CO2 plasma treatment on activated carbon prepared from pyrolysis of pistachio shells. Int J Hydrog Energy 45:8843–8852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kumar D, Yadav N, Mishra K et al (2022) Sodium ion conducting flame-retardant gel polymer electrolyte for sodium batteries and electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). J Energy Storage 46:103899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kumar Y, Gupta A, Thakur AK et al (2021) Advancement and current scenario of engineering and design in transparent supercapacitors: electrodes and electrolyte. J Nanoparticle Res 23:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-021-05221-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Enock TK, King’ondu CK, Pogrebnoi A, Jande YAC (2017) Status of biomass derived carbon materials for supercapacitor application. Int J Electrochem 2017:e6453420. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6453420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sudiana IN, Mitsudo S, Firihu MZ et al (2017) Investigation of silica from rice husk ash wastes as an alternative material for microwave absorbers. AIP Conf Proc 1801:040003. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4973092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gratuito MKB, Panyathanmaporn T, Chumnanklang R-A et al (2008) Production of activated carbon from coconut shell: optimization using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 99:4887–4895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Le Van K, Luong Thi TT (2014) Activated carbon derived from rice husk by NaOH activation and its application in supercapacitor. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 24:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.05.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fujishige M, Yoshida I, Toya Y et al (2017) Preparation of activated carbon from bamboo-cellulose fiber and its use for EDLC electrode material. J Environ Chem Eng 5:1801–1808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.03.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bediako JK, Lin S, Sarkar AK et al (2020) Evaluation of orange peel-derived activated carbons for treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater tailings. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:1053–1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07031-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kaushik A, Basu S, Singh K et al (2017) Activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse ash for melanoidins recovery. J Environ Manage 200:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kumari G, Soni B, Karmee SK (2020) Synthesis of activated carbon from groundnut shell via chemical activation. J Inst Eng India Ser E. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40034-020-00176-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Dzigbor A, Chimphango A (2019) Production and optimization of NaCl-activated carbon from mango seed using response surface methodology. Biomass Convers Biorefin 9:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-018-0361-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Qadir I, Chhipa RC (2017) Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of adsorption properties of activated carbon obtained from neem leaves (Azadirachta indica). Orient J Chem 33:2095–2102. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/330460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Chiu Y-H, Lin L-Y (2019) Effect of activating agents for producing activated carbon using a facile one-step synthesis with waste coffee grounds for symmetric supercapacitors. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 101:177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2019.04.050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Oliveira LCA, Pereira E, Guimaraes IR et al (2009) Preparation of activated carbons from coffee husks utilizing FeCl3 and ZnCl2 as activating agents. J Hazard Mater 165:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Sivachidambaram M, Vijaya JJ, Niketha K et al (2019) Electrochemical studies on Tamarindus indica fruit shell bio-waste derived nanoporous activated carbons for supercapacitor applications. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 19:3388–3397. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Senthilkumar ST, Selvan RK, Melo JS (2013) The biomass derived activated carbon for supercapacitor. AIP Conf Proc 1538:124–127. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4810042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ahmed S, Rafat M, Ahmed A (2018) Nitrogen doped activated carbon derived from orange peel for supercapacitor application. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 9:035008. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/aad5d4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Govindan B, Alhseinat E, Darawsheh IFF et al (2020) Activated carbon derived from Phoenix dactylifera (palm tree) and decorated with MnO2 nanoparticles for enhanced hybrid capacitive deionization electrodes. ChemistrySelect 5:3248–3256. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201901358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Le P-A, Nguyen V-T, Sahoo SK et al (2020) Porous carbon materials derived from areca palm leaves for high performance symmetrical solid-state supercapacitors. J Mater Sci 55:10751–10764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04693-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang X, Peng C, Wang R, Lang J (2015) High-performance supercapacitors based on novel carbons derived from Sterculia lychnophora. RSC Adv 5:32159–32167. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA02085A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang W, Quan H, Gao W et al (2017) N-Doped hierarchical porous carbon from waste boat-fruited sterculia seed for high performance supercapacitors. RSC Adv 7:16678–16687. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA01043E

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Nasser RA, Salem MZM, Hiziroglu S, Al-Mefarrej HA, Mohareb AS, Alam M, Aref IM (2016) Chemical analysis of different parts of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) using ultimate, proximate and thermo-gravimetric techniques for energy production. Energies 9:374. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9050374

  27. Biodegradation of Sterculia setigera (Sterculiaceae) chips and its effects on wood basic chemical composition. In: Sci. Alert. https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijb.2008.461.465. Accessed 8 Jun 2022

  28. Gao Y, Yue Q, Gao B, Li A (2020) Insight into activated carbon from different kinds of chemical activating agents: a review. Sci Total Environ 746:141094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Varila T, Bergna D, Kupila R et al (2017) Activated carbon production from peat using ZnCl2: characterization and applications. Bioresources 12:8078–8092. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.8078-8092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Pandolfo AG, Wilson GJ, Huynh TD, Hollenkamp AF (2010) The influence of conductive additives and inter-particle voids in carbon EDLC electrodes. Fuel Cells 10:856–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201000027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Banerjee A, Kumar PS, Shukla AK (2013) Influence of binder solvent on carbon-layer structure in electrical-double-layer capacitors. J Chem Sci 125:1177–1183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-013-0494-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Shang H, Lu Y, Zhao F et al (2015) Preparing high surface area porous carbon from biomass by carbonization in a molten salt medium. RSC Adv 5:75728–75734. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA12406A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kalagatur NK, Karthick K, Allen JA, Nirmal Ghosh OS, Chandranayaka S, Gupta VK, KrishnaMudili V (2017) Application of activated carbon derived from seed shells of Jatropha curcas for decontamination of zearalenone mycotoxin. Front Pharmacol 8:760. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00760

  34. Jurkiewicz K, Pawlyta M, Burian A (2018) Structure of carbon materials explored by local transmission electron microscopy and global powder diffraction probes. C-Journal of Carbon Research 4:68. https://doi.org/10.3390/c4040068

  35. Koppel M, Palm R, Härmas R et al (2021) In situ observation of pressure modulated reversible structural changes in the graphitic domains of carbide-derived carbons. Carbon 174:190–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.12.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Holzwarth U, Gibson N (2011) The Scherrer equation versus the “Debye-Scherrer equation.” Nat Nanotechnol 6:534–534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Chen R, Li L, Liu Z et al (2017) Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from tobacco stem by chemical activation. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 67:713–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2017.1280560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ma X, Ding C, Li D et al (2018) A facile approach to prepare biomass-derived activated carbon hollow fibers from wood waste as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Cellulose 25:4743–4755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1903-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ren S, Deng L, Zhang B et al (2019) Effect of air oxidation on texture, surface properties and dye adsorption of wood-derived porous carbon materials. Materials 12:1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12101675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Chattopadhyay J, Singh S, Srivastava DrR (2020) Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of Mo–Ni encapsulated in onion-like carbon nano-capsules. J Appl Electrochem 50:207–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-019-01389-w

  41. Rauf N, Tahir D, Arbiansyah M (2016) Structural analysis of bioceramic materials for denture application. AIP Conference Proceedings 1719:030030. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4943725

  42. Souza LKC, Martins JC, Oliveira DP, Ferreira CS, Gonçalves AAS, Araujo RO, Chaar JS, Costa MJF, Sampaio DV, Passos RR,Pocrfka LA (2020) Hierarchical porous carbon derived from acai seed biowaste for supercapacitor electrode materials. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 31:12148–12157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03761-5

  43. Joshi S, Pokharel BP (2013) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) seed stone by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide. J Inst Eng 9:79–88. https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Kristianto H, Arie AA, Susanti RF, Halim M, Lee JK (2016) The effect of activated carbon support surface modification on characteristics of carbon nanospheres prepared by deposition precipitation of Fe-catalyst. 162:012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/162/1/012034

  45. Liao WC, Liao FS, Tsai CT, Yang YP Preparation of activated carbon for electric double layer capacitors. China Steel Technical Report 25:36–41.

  46. Li L, Song H, Chen X (2006) Pore characteristics and electrochemical performance of ordered mesoporous carbons for electric double-layer capacitors. Electrochim Acta 51:5715–5720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Zhi M, Yang F, Meng F et al (2014) Effects of pore structure on performance of an activated-carbon supercapacitor electrode recycled from scrap waste tires. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:1592–1598. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500336h

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhou B, Liu W, Gong Y et al (2019) High-performance pseudocapacitors from kraft lignin modified active carbon. Electrochim Acta 320:134640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Chodankar NR, Pham HD, Nanjundan AK et al (2020) True meaning of pseudocapacitors and their performance metrics: asymmetric versus hybrid supercapacitors. Small 16:2002806. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202002806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Xiao X, Zeng Y, Feng H et al (2019) Three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks from electrochemical exfoliation of graphite as efficient supercapacitor electrodes. Chem NanoMat 5:152–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201800452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Wang G, Feng C (2017) Electrochemical polymerization of hydroquinone on graphite felt as a pseudocapacitive material for application in a microbial fuel cell. Polymers 9:220. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9060220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Jiang Y, Liu J (2019) Definitions of pseudocapacitive materials: a brief review. Energy Environ Mater 2:30–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Wang K, Wu H, Meng Y et al (2012) Integrated energy storage and electrochromic function in one flexible device: an energy storage smart window. Energy Environ Sci 5:8384. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee21643d

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Stoller MD, Ruoff RS (2010) Best practice methods for determining an electrode material’s performance for ultracapacitors. Energy Environ Sci 3:1294–1301. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00074D

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Ghosh S, Santhosh R, Jeniffer S et al (2019) Natural biomass derived hard carbon and activated carbons as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes. Sci Rep 9:16315. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52006-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Kumar Y, Uke SJ, Kumar A et al (2021) Triethanolamine–ethoxylate (TEA-EO) assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical β-MnO2nanorods: effect of surface morphology on capacitive performance. Nano Express. https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-959X/abef21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Mohd Hanappi MFY, Deraman M, Suleman M et al (2017) Influence of aqueous KOH and H2SO4 electrolytes ionic parameters on the performance of carbon-based supercapacitor electrodes. Funct Mater Lett 10:1750013. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793604717500138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Wen Y, Chi L, Wenelska K et al (2020) Eucalyptus derived heteroatom-doped hierarchical porous carbons as electrode materials in supercapacitors. Sci Rep 10:14631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71649-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Joseph J, Paravannoor A, Nair SV et al (2015) Supercapacitors based on camphor-derived meso/macroporous carbon sponge electrodes with ultrafast frequency response for ac line-filtering. J Mater Chem A 3:14105–14108. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA03012A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Barzegar F, Bello A, Guellati O et al (2015) Effect of addition of different carbon materials on hydrogel derived carbon material for high performance electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim Acta 186:277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Komal KN, Kumar Singh P et al (2021) ‘Kusha’ (eragrostis cynosuroids): a source of activated carbon for energy storage device. Mater Today Proc 34:702–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Inagaki M, Konno H, Tanaike O (2010) Carbon materials for electrochemical capacitors. J Power Sources 195:7880–7903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Sesuk T, Tammawat P, Jivaganont P et al (2019) Activated carbon derived from coconut coir pith as high performance supercapacitor electrode material. J Energy Storage 25:100910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.100910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Adan-Mas A, Alcaraz L, Arévalo-Cid P et al (2021) Coffee-derived activated carbon from second biowaste for supercapacitor applications. Waste Manag 120:280–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Subramanian V, Luo C, Stephan AM et al (2007) Supercapacitors from activated carbon derived from banana fibers. J Phys Chem C 111:7527–7531. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp067009t

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Ahmed S, Parvaz M, Johari R, Rafat M (2018) Studies on activated carbon derived from neem (Azadirachta indica) bio-waste, and its application as supercapacitor electrode. Mater Res Express 5:045601. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aab924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Stenny Winata A, Devianto H, Frida Susanti R (2021) Synthesis of activated carbon from salacca peel with hydrothermal carbonization for supercapacitor application. Mater Today Proc 44:3268–3272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Jiang B, Cao L, Yuan Q et al (2022) Biomass straw-derived porous carbon synthesized for supercapacitor by ball milling. Materials 15:924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Amakoromo TE, Abumere OE, Amusan JA et al (2021) Porous carbon from Manihot esculenta (cassava) peels waste for charge storage applications. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem 4:100098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Roy CK, Shah SS, Reaz AH et al (2021) Preparation of hierarchical porous activated carbon from banana leaves for high-performance supercapacitor: effect of type of electrolytes on performance. Chem – Asian J 16:296–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202001342

  71. Zhang H, Xiao W, Zhou W et al (2019) Hierarchical porous carbon derived from Sichuan pepper for high-performance symmetric supercapacitor with decent rate capability and cycling stability. Nanomaterials 9:553. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Saka C (2012) BET, TG–DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 95:21–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Department of Physics & Material Research Laboratory, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea, for technical support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Physics, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddh Nagar (UP), 201312, India

    Komal & Vivek Kumar Shukla

  2. School of Computing and Electrical Engineering (SCEE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India

    Ranbir Singh

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea

    Vinayak G. Parale

  4. Department of Physics, Government College, Palwal, Haryana, 121102, India

    Yogesh Kumar

  5. Department of Physics & Material Science, Jaypee University Anoopshahr, Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, 203390, India

    Kuldeep Mishra

Authors
  1. Komal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ranbir Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vinayak G. Parale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yogesh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kuldeep Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Vivek Kumar Shukla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The authors Komal and Vivek Kumar Shukla conceptualized and developed the experiments. Komal, Ranbir Singh, Yogesh Kumar, Vinayak G. Parale, and Kuldeep Mishra carried out the experiments and data analysis. Komal and Vivek Kumar Shukla prepared the manuscript. The manuscript has been approved by all the authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vivek Kumar Shukla.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of participate

All of the authors have agreed to take part in this research communication.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Komal, Singh, R., Parale, V.G. et al. Studies on the ZnCl2 activated carbons derived from Sabal palmetto and Pterospermum acerifolium leaves for EDLC application. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 9995–10009 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03088-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03088-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation