Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of highly biodegradable and sustainable films based on pequi pulp

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work aimed to develop films based on pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) pulp added of gelatin and plasticizer (glycerol or sorbitol) and characterize their properties and biodegradation in different soils. The films were presented with a good appearance, easy to handle, and with a predominant yellowish color. The greater the addition of plasticizers (3.5%), the greater the elongation and the lower the tensile strength of the films. The higher the gelatin (7%) and the lower the plasticizer (1.5%) concentrations, the higher the tensile strength. Thermal analysis allowed to observe a desirable characteristic for packing films: a band between 2Ɵ = 21° for both glycerol and sorbitol films, which is present in low crystalline films, reducing the incidence of light in the products. Films were at the most 100% degraded over a period of 5 to 9 days. Thus, the films obtained are recommended to be utilized for food packaging applications.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Kumar R, Verma A, Shome A, Sinha R, Sinha S, Jha PK, Kumar R, Kumar P, Shubham DS, Sharma P, Prasad PVV (2021) Impacts of plastic pollution on ecosystem services, sustainable development goals, and need to focus on circular economy and policy interventions. Sustainability 13:9963. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ghosh SK, Pal S, Ray S (2013) Study of microbes having potentiality for biodegradation of plastics. Environ Sci Poll Res 20:4339–4355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1706-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Moshood TD, Nawanir G, Mahmud F, Mohamad F, Ahmad MH, AbdulGhani A (2022) Sustainability of biodegradable plastics: new problem or solution to solve the global plastic pollution? Cur Res Green Sustain Chem 5:100273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kocira A, Kozłowicz K, Panasiewicz K, Staniak M, Szpunar-Krok E, Hortyńska P (2021) Polysaccharides as edible films and coatings: characteristics and influence on fruit and vegetable quality: a review. Agronomy 11:813. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kong I, Degraeve P, Pui LP (2022) Polysaccharide-based edible films incorporated with essential oil nanoemulsions: physico-chemical, mechanical properties and its application in food preservation: a review. Foods 11:555. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Akhter R, Masoodi FA, Wani TA, Rather SA (2019) Functional characterization of biopolymer based composite film: incorporation of natural essential oils and antimicrobial agents. Int J Biol Macromol 137:1245–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ferreira ARV, Alves VD, Coelhoso IM (2016) Polysaccharide-based membranes in food packaging applications. Membranes 6:22. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6020022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Versino F, Lopez OV, Garcia MA, Zaritzky NE (2016) Starch-based films and food coatings: an overview. Stärke 68:1026–1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201600095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chin SS, Lyn FH, Hanani ZAN (2017) Effect of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel on the physical and functional properties of fish gelatin films as active packaging. Food Pack Shelf Life 12:128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.04.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Maraveas C (2020) Production of sustainable and biodegradable polymers from agricultural waste. Polymers 12:1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12051127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Guedes AMM, Antoniassi R, de Faria-Machado AF (2017) Pequi: a Brazilian fruit with potential uses for the fat industry. Oilseeds Fats Crops Lipids 24:D507. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2017040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Moreira RV, Costa MP, Castro VS, Paes CE, Mutz YS, Frasao BS, Conte-Junior CA (2019) Antimicrobial activity of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) waste extract on goat Minas Frescal cheese presenting sodium reduction. J Dairy Sci 102:2966–2972. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Amaral LF, Moriel P, Foglio MA, Mazzola PG (2014) Caryocar brasiliense supercritical CO2 extract possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant properties useful for personal care products. BMC Compl Alt Med 14:73. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Silva CAA, Fonseca GG (2016) Brazilian savannah fruits: characteristics, properties, and potential applications. Food Sci Biotechnol 25:1225–1232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-016-0195-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. da Silva AO, Cortez-Vega WR, Prentice C, Fonseca GG (2020) Development and characterization of biopolymer films based on bocaiuva (Acromonia aculeata) flour. Int J Biol Macromol 15:1157–1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. AOAC (2000) Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official methods of analysis, 17th edn. Washington, AOAC

    Google Scholar 

  17. de Andrade CS, Fonseca GG, Innocentini-Mei LH, Fakhouri FM (2017) Development and characterization of multilayer films based on polyhydroxyalkanoates and hydrocolloids. J Appl Polym Sci 134:44458(1/8)-44458(8/8). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44458

  18. Scudeler CGS, Costa TL, Velasco JI, Fakhouri FM, Fonseca GG (2021) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) waste protein-based films. Int J Biobased Plast 3:85–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/24759651.2021.1878600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. ASTM (2000) American Society for Testing and Material, ASTM E96–00: Standard test method for water vapor transmission of materials. ASTM, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  20. ASTM (1998) Manual on test sieving methods: guidelines for establishing sieve analysis procedures. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, America

    Google Scholar 

  21. Maraveas C, Bayer IS, Bartzanas T (2021) Recent advances in antioxidant polymers: from sustainable and natural monomers to synthesis and applications. Polymers 13:2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Díaz O, Ferreiro T, Rodríguez-Otero JL, Cobos Á (2019) Characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour films: effects of pH and plasticizer concentration. Int J Mol Sci 20:1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051246

  23. Al-Hassan AA, Norziah MH (2012) Starch-gelatin edible films: water vapor permeability and mechanical properties as affected by plasticizers. Food Hydrocoll 26:108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.04.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Farias MG, Fakhouri FM, Carvalho CWP, Ascheri JLR (2012) Physicochemical characterization of edible starch films with Barbados cherry (Malphigia emarginata D.C.). Quím Nova 35:546–552. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422012000300020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Davoodi MN, Milani JM, Farahmandfar R (2021) Preparation and characterization of a novel biodegradable film based on sulfated polysaccharide extracted from seaweed Ulva intestinalis. Food Sci Nutr 9:4108–4116. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Muscat D, Tobin MJ, Guo Q, Adhikari B (2014) Understanding the distribution of natural wax in starch-wax films using synchroton-based FTIR (S-FTIR). Carbohydr Polym 102:125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Müller CMO, Yamashita F, Laurindo JB (2008) Evaluation of the effects of glycerol and sorbitol concentration and water activity on the water barrier properties of cassava starch films through a solubility approach. Carbohydr Polym 72:82–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Yousuf B, Sun Y, Wu S (2021) Lipid and lipid-containing composite edible coatings and films. Food Rev Int 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1876084

  29. Villalobos R, Chanona J, Hernández P, Gutiérrez G, Chiralt A (2005) Gloss and transparency of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films containing surfactants as affected by their microstructure. Food Hydrocoll 19:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2004.04.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Diéguez MCV, Pelissari FP, Sobral PA, Menegalli FC (2015) Effect of process conditions on the production of nanocomposite films based on amaranth flour and montmorillonite. LWT - Food Sci Technol 61:70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.11.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Martelli MR, Barros TT, de Moura MR, Mattoso LHC, Assis OBG (2012) Effect of chitosan nanoparticles and pectin content on mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of banana puree films. J Food Sci 78:N98–N104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.03006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Silva RS, Santos BMM, Fonseca GG, Prentice CP, Cortez-Vega WR (2020) Analysis of hybrid sorubim protein films incorporated with glycerol and clove essential oil for packaging applications. J Polym Environ 28:421–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01608-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Laycock B, Nikolic M, Colwell JM, Gauthier E, Halley P, Bottle S, George G (2017) Lifetime prediction of biodegradable polymers. Progr Polym Sci 71:144–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Baidurah S, Takada S, Shimizu K, Ishida Y, Yamane T, Ohtani H (2013) Evaluation of biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) with lowered crystallinity by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation-gas chromatography. J Anal Appl Pyrol 103:73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.08.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Baidurah S, Murugan P, Sen KY, Furuyama Y, Nonome M, Sudesh K, Ishida Y (2019) Evaluation of soil burial biodegradation behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) on the basis of change in copolymer composition monitored by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation-gas chromatography. J Anal Appl Pyrol 137:146–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Siracusa V (2019) Microbial degradation of synthetic biopolymers waste. Polymers 11:1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11061066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Maiti S, Ray D, Mitra D (2012) Role of crosslinker on the biodegradation behavior of starch/polyvinylalcohol blend films. J Polym Environ 20:749–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0433-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Epelde L, Burges A, Mijangos I, Garbisu C (2014) Microbial properties and attributes of ecological relevance for soil quality monitoring during a chemical stabilization field study. Appl Soil Ecol 75:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.10.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Heijboer A, ten Berge HFM, de Ruiter PC, Jørgensen HB, Kowalchuk GA, Bloem J (2016) Plant biomass, soil microbial community structure and nitrogen cycling under different organic amendment regimes; a 15N tracer-based approach. Appl Soil Ecol 107:251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.06.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Li L, Xu M, Eyakub Ali M, Zhang W, Duan Y, Li D (2018) Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment. PLoS ONE 13:e0203812. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Boonsuk P, Sukolrat A, Kaewtatip K, Chantarak S, Kelarakis A, Chaibundit C (2020) Modified cassava starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films plasticized by glycerol: structure and properties. J Appl Polym Sci (1–13),48848. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48848

  42. Siddiqua S, Mamun AA (2020) An inclusive review on recent status of plastic biodegradation. Int J Advanced Res 8:42–54. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/11463

  43. Xiong H, Tang S, Tang H, Zou P (2008) The structure and properties of a starch-based biodegradable film. Carbohydr Polym 71:263–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Torres FG, Troncoso OP, Torres C, Díaz DA, Amaya E (2011) Biodegradability and mechanical properties of starch films from Andean crops. Int J Biol Macromol 48:603–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.01.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Jaramillo CM, Gutiérrez TJ, Goyanes S, Bernal C, Famá L (2016) Biodegradability and plasticizing effect of yerba mate extract on cassava starch edible films. Carbohydr Polym 151:150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Yarwood SA (2021) Microbial ecology. In: Principles and applications of soil microbiology (3rd Ed.). Gentry TJ, Fuhrmann JJ, Zuberer DA (editors). Microb Ecol (Chapter 10), 239–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820202-9.00010-1

Download references

Funding

The authors gratefully thank the Brazilian research funding agencies CNPq, CAPES, and FUNDECT for the financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil

    Alessandra Oliveira da Silva & Gustavo Graciano Fonseca

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica De Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Terrassa, Spain

    Farayde Matta Fakhoury

  3. Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences, School of Business and Science, University of Akureyri, Borgir v. Nordurslod, 600, Akureyri, Iceland

    Gustavo Graciano Fonseca

Authors
  1. Alessandra Oliveira da Silva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Farayde Matta Fakhoury
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gustavo Graciano Fonseca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AOS: investigation, formal analysis, writing—original draft; FMF: methodology, investigation, formal analysis; GGF: conceptualization, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, review and editing, supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gustavo Graciano Fonseca.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Highlights

• Films were developed with pequi pulp added of gelatin and plasticizer.

• Films with 7.0% gelatin and 1.5% plasticizer had higher tensile strength.

• The different types of soil interfered in the decomposition of the polymers.

• Films were at the most 100% degraded over a period of 5 to 9 days.

• Thermal analysis indicated desirable characteristic for food packing films.

Supplementary information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 322 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

da Silva, A.O., Fakhoury, F.M. & Fonseca, G.G. Development of highly biodegradable and sustainable films based on pequi pulp. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 10161–10176 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03047-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03047-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation