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Maximization of the recovery of phenolic compounds from sugar maple leaves

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Abstract

A maceration process was optimized using a full factorial design coupled to a response surface model for the extraction of phenolic compounds (PCs) from sugar maple leaves (SML). As part of the extraction process, high-speed homogenization (HSH) as a pre-treatment condition was investigated to promote the efficiency of maceration. Finally, characterization of SML was performed using colorimeter, SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and LC-ESI-Q-TOF–MS/MS. The antioxidant activity of the extract was investigated as well using standard methods. Results showed that ethanol concentration and solid-to-solvent ratio had significant effects (p < 0.05) on the extraction of PCs and HSH can be considered as an effective pre-treatment towards maximizing phenolic compounds recovery from SML. Under the optimal conditions (ethanol concentration of 61.63% at a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:38.22 g/mL), the experimental %total yield (28.57%), total phenolics (110.87 mg GAE/g DM), and total flavonoids (18.95 mg CTE/g DM) were in close agreement with the predicted values. A total of 81 PCs were tentatively identified including mostly phenolic acids and flavonoids and their derivatives from SML using LC-ESI-Q-TOF–MS/MS. What is more, a gallotannins pathway existing in SML from gallic acid to tetragalloyl-D-glucopyranose was proposed. The study suggested SML as a promising source of PCs which can be effectively extracted through maceration and be further used as natural antioxidants in the formulation of functional food systems.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are also thankful to Professor Saji George, Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, for allowing the use of plate reader (SpectraMax® i3x, Multi-mode microplate reader, Molecular Devices, USA) at no cost.

Funding

The authors received funding support from IDB-McGill Scholarship and Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), Canada.

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  1. Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada

    Nushrat Yeasmen & Valérie Orsat

  2. Department of Food Technology and Rural Industries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh

    Nushrat Yeasmen

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  1. Nushrat Yeasmen
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Nushrat Yeasmen — conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; methodology; writing — original draft, review and editing. Valérie Orsat — supervision; writing — review and editing.

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Correspondence to Nushrat Yeasmen.

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Yeasmen, N., Orsat, V. Maximization of the recovery of phenolic compounds from sugar maple leaves. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 6251–6266 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02904-4

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