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Study of chemical, kinetic, and theoretical sorption properties of activated carbons obtained from agroindustrial origin: comparison of anionic and cationic model molecules

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Abstract

This work conducted an experimental study on the sorption characteristics of seven activated carbons from agroindustrial origin. Activated carbons derived from spent-coffee ground, orange peel, sugarcane bagasse, cedar sawdust, agave bagasse, coconut shell, and citric residue have been prepared with phosphoric acid activation and subsequent carbonization. The obtained materials were characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDS, Boehm potentiometric titration, and PZC measurements. Once the samples were characterized, the sorption of anionic and cationic model molecules was studied using kinetic models and compared to density functional theory calculations. The understanding of the surface characteristics of activated carbons allowed to describe and correlate the adsorption behavior of anionic and cationic model molecules. According to FTIR spectroscopy and Boehm titration results, the surface of the activated carbon substrates has acidic and basic oxygenated functional groups. Adsorption experiments were carried out to compare the sorption of two model molecules: methylene blue and methyl orange as cationic and anionic species, respectively, under near neutral pH, very acidic for methyl orange, and very basic for methylene blue, based on the corresponding pKa. Molecular modeling using DFT was also used to calculate adsorption Gibbs’ free energies for sorption reactions between the model molecules and the oxygenated functional groups. Almost all the free energies were negative which means that adsorption interactions are thermodynamically favorable. As expected for adsorption processes, in all cases, the enthalpic contribution dominated the entropic one. In addition, it is shown that the predominating interactions are H-bonding and π-π interactions. Methylene blue uptakes range from 0.026 mmol/g for graphite to 0.121 mmol/g for coconut shell carbon that corresponds to 24.8% and 100% removal, respectively. Increasing the methylene blue’s pH from 6.6 to 12 raised the cationic molecule uptake by ~ 30%. Furthermore, the coconut shell also removes the higher amount of methyl orange, near 99% at neutral and low pH. Citric residue does not adsorb methyl orange at neutral pH whereas at acidic conditions (pH = 3), it adsorbs 0.011 mmol/g (11% removal); in general, methyl orange adsorption was slightly lower than that of methylene blue.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study has been included in this manuscript and in its supplementary material file.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ) for the facilities to conduct this research. The authors also express their gratitude to the Mexican Council for Science and Technology, CONACYT (CB-2016- 01, Project: 285309) for the financial support of this work and A. Vela also thanks CONACYT for a Ph.D. scholarship. The authors are also grateful to E.J. Aldeco-Perez for the FTIR analysis.

Funding

This study was funded by CONACYT (CB-2016- 01), Project: 285309.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S. C, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila SN, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, 76703, México

    Alina Z. Vela-Carrillo, Rodrigo J. Martínez, José de Jesús Pérez-Bueno, Fabricio Espejel-Ayala & Irma Robles

  2. Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de Las Campanas SN, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76010, México

    Luis A. Godínez

Authors
  1. Alina Z. Vela-Carrillo
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  2. Rodrigo J. Martínez
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  3. Luis A. Godínez
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  4. José de Jesús Pérez-Bueno
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  5. Fabricio Espejel-Ayala
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  6. Irma Robles
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Contributions

Alina Vela: investigation, validation, formal analysis.

Rodrigo Martínez: investigation, validation, formal analysis, supervision.

Luis A. Godínez: methodology, formal analysis, writing — reviewing and editing.

José de Jesús Pérez-Bueno: investigation, validation, formal analysis.

Fabricio Espejel: investigation, formal analysis.

Irma Robles: conceptualization, formal analysis, project administration, funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Irma Robles.

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Vela-Carrillo, A.Z., Martínez, R.J., Godínez, L.A. et al. Study of chemical, kinetic, and theoretical sorption properties of activated carbons obtained from agroindustrial origin: comparison of anionic and cationic model molecules. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02367-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02367-7

Keywords

  • Activated carbon
  • Agroindustrial residues
  • DFT calculations
  • Sorption capacity
  • Kinetics
  • Sorption equilibrium constants