Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of hot water extraction on pyrolysis of tender coconut fruit biomass: kinetic and thermodynamic parameters

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Effect of pre-treatment of tender coconut fruit bio-mass powder with hot water on physico-chemical properties and thermal degradation behavior were investigated. The physico-chemical parameters were evaluated using ASTM standard protocols. The thermal degradation behavior was studied at heating rates of 10, 15 and 20oC/min under inert (N2) atmospheric conditions using TG/DTG techniques. The activation energies at each heating rate were determined using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Starink, and Tang models. The pre-treatment with hot water improved the proximate and ultimate analyses parameters and calorific value. The higher heating values (HHV) for untreated and treated tender coconut fruit biomass were 18.57 and 21.26 kJ/kg, respectively. The values of activation energy (Eα) for the un-treated biomass powder were estimated to be 389.25, 397.81 and 398.77 and 397.97kJ/mol for FWO, KAS, Tang, and Starink models, respectively and for the treated biomass these were 125.43, 118.61, 118.99 and 118.94kJ/mol, respectively. On an average the Eα of the treated coconut biomass was nearly three times lower than that for the untreated biomass. The results indicated that pre-treatment with hot water improved the fuel characteristics and thermal degradation behavior of the tender coconut shell biomass. The water extract exhibited high COD and BOD values and might be used as the feed-stock for biogas generation.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable

References

  1. Raghavan K (2010) Biofuels from coconut. FACT, August 2010, pp. 1–107. Available online: https://energypedia.info/images/f/f9/EN-Biofuels from Coconuts-KrishnaRaghavan.pdf

  2. Amoako G, Mensah-Amoah P (2019) Determination of calorific values of coconut shells and coconut husks J Mater Sci Res Rev 2:1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/JMSRR/2019/45639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. UNEP (2013) Technologies for converting waste agricultural biomass to energy; UNEP–United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi, Kenya; Div Technol Ind Econ Int Environ Technol Cent Osaka Osaka, Japan 1–214

  4. Zafar, S (2019) Coconut husk - energy potential of coconut biomass, Bio-Energy Consult March 15. 2019. Available online: https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/coconut-husk/ (accessed on 20 January 2020)

  5. Hoque MM, Bhattacharya S (2001) Fuel characteristics of gasified coconut shell in a fluidized and a spouted bed reactor. Energy 26:101–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ram M, Mondal MK (2018) Comparative study of native and impregnated coconut husk with pulp and paper industry waste water for fuel gas production. Energy 156:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tooy D, Nelwan L, Pangkerego F (2014) Evaluation of biomass gasification using coconut husks in producing energy to generate small-scale electricity. Int'l Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Energy and Manufacturing Engineering (ICAEME’2014), June 9-10, 2014 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). https://doi.org/10.15242/IIE.E0614056

  8. FAOSTAT (2016) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAOSTAT Database. In: http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx

  9. Liang Y, Yuan Y, Liu T (2014) Identification and computational annotation of genes differentially expressed in pulp development of Cocos nucifera L . by suppression subtractive hybridization. BMC Plant Biol 205:1–17 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/14/205

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gonçalves FA, Ruiz HA, Nogueira CDC (2014) Comparison of delignified coconuts waste and cactus for fuel-ethanol production by the simultaneous and semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation strategies. Fuel 131:66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Soares S, Camino G, Levchik S (1995) Comparative study of the thermal decomposition of pure cellulose and pulp paper Polymer. Degradation and Stability 49:275–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Plaimart J, Acharya K, Mrozik W (2021) Coconut husk biochar amendment enhances nutrient retention by suppressing nitrification in agricultural soil following anaerobic digestate application. Environ Pollut 268:115684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bolivar-Telleria M, Turbay C, Favarato L (2018) Second-generation bioethanol from coconut husk. BioMed Research International 4916497, 20 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4916497

  14. van Dam MJA, Van den Oever W, Teunissen ERP, Keijsers AG (2004) Process for production of high density high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk. Part 1: lignin as intrinsic thermosetting binder resin Ind. Crops Prod. 19:207–216

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ding K, Le Y, Yao G (2018) A rapid and efficient hydrothermal conversion of coconut husk into formic acid and acetic acid. Process Biochem 68:131–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Soares J, Demeke MM, Van De VM (2017) Fed-batch production of green coconut hydrolysates for high-gravity second- generation bioethanol fermentation with cellulosic yeast. Bioresour Technol 244:234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Muharja M, Junianti F, Ranggina D (2018) An integrated green process : subcritical water , enzymatic hydrolysis , and fermentation , for biohydrogen production from coconut husk. Bioresour Technol 249:268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Gratuito MKB, Panyathanmaporn T, Chumnanklang RA, Sirinuntawittaya N, Dutta A (2008) Production of activated carbon from coconut shell: Optimization using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 99(11):4887–4895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Talha NS, Sulaiman S (2018) In situ transesterification of solid coconut waste in a packed bed reactor with CaO / PVA catalyst. Waste Manag 78:929–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ahmad, RK, Sulaiman SA,Yusup S, Dol SS, Inayat M, Umar HA (2021) Exploring the potential of coconut shell biomass for charcoal production. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.05.013

  21. Azevedo DCS, Araujo JCS, Bastos-Neto M (2007) Microporous activated carbon prepared from coconut shells using chemical activation with zinc chloride. Microporous Mesoporous Materials 100(1-3):361–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gratuito MKB, Panyathanmaporn T, Chumnanklang R (2008) Production of activated carbon from coconut shell : Optimization using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 99:4887–4895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Samsudin MH, Hassan MA, Idris J, Ramli N, Mohd Yusoff MZ, Ibrahim I, Othman MR, Mohd Ali AA, Shirai Y (2019) A one-step self-sustained low temperature carbonization of coconut shell biomass produced a high specific surface area bio-char derived nano-adsorbent, Waste Manag. Res. 37:551–555

    Google Scholar 

  24. Talat M, Mohan S, Dixit V, Singh DK, Hasan SH, Srivastava ON (2018) Effective removal of fluoride from water by coconut husk activated carbon in fixed bed column Experimental and breakthrough curves analysis. Groundw. Sustain. Dev. 7:48–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Yuan X, He T, Cao H, Yuan Q (2017) Cattle manure pyrolysis process: kinetic and thermodynamic analysis with isoconversional methods. Renew Energy 107:489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.02.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Baruah J, Nath BK, Sharma R, Kumar S, Deka RC, Baruah DC, Kalita E (2018) Recent trends in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for value-added products. Front. Energy Res. 6:141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2018.00141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Monteiro FZR, Siqueira RNC, Moura FJ (2018) Study of the thermal decomposition of green coconut fiber in the presence of a nano structured catalyst. Chem Eng Trans 65:457–462. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1865077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sarkar JK, Wang Q (2020) Different pyrolysis process conditions of south asian waste coconut chell and characterization of gas, bio-Char, and bio-Oil. Energies 13(8):1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Bandyopadhyay S, Chowdhury R, Biswas GK (1999) Thermal deactivation studies of coconut shell pyrolysis. Canadian J Chemical Engineering 77(October):1028–1036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tsamba AJ, Yang W, Blasiak W (2006) Pyrolysis characteristics and global kinetics of coconut and cashew nut shells. Fuel Process Technol 87:523–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2005.12.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Li W, Yang K, Peng J et al (2008) Effects of carbonization temperatures on characteristics of porosity in coconut shell chars and activated carbons derived from carbonized coconut shell chars. Ind Crops Prod 8:190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.02.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Sundaram EG, Natarajan E (2010) Pyrolysis of coconut shell : an experimental investigation. J Eng Res 6:33–39

    Google Scholar 

  33. Said M, John G, Mhilu C, Manyele S (2015) The study of kinetic properties and analytical pyrolysis of coconut shells. J Renew Energy 8:307329

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gao Y, Yang Y, Qin Z, Sun Y (2016) Factors affecting the yield of bio - oil from the pyrolysis of coconut shell. Springerplus. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1974-2

  35. Koteswararao B, Ranganath L, Krishna KR (2016) Fuel from green tender coconut. Int Semin “Utilization Non-Conventional Energy Sources Sustain Dev Rural Areas ISNCESR’16, 487–492

  36. Rout T, Pradhan D, Singh RK, Kumari N (2016) Exhaustive study of products obtained from coconut shell pyrolysis. Biochem Pharmacol 4:3696–3705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.02.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Tangsathitkulchai C, Junpirom S, Katesa J (2016) Carbon dioxide adsorption in nanopores of coconut shell chars for pore characterization and the analysis of adsorption kinetics. J Nanomater 10:4292316

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ali I, Bahaitham H, Naibulharam R (2017) A comprehensive kinetics study of coconut shell waste pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 235:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Balasundram V, Ibrahim N, Kamaruddin M (2017) Thermogravimetric catalytic pyrolysis and kinetic studies of coconut copra and rice husk for possible maximum production of pyrolysis oil. Jounral Clean Prod 167:218–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Irawan A, S LU, P MDI (2020) Effect of torrefaction process on the coconut shell energy content for solid fuel Effect of Torrefaction Process on the Coconut Shell Energy Content for Solid Fuel. AIP Conf Proc 020010: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4979226

  41. Suman S, Gautam S (2017) Pyrolysis of coconut husk biomass: analysis of its biochar properties. energy sources, part A: Recover Util Environ Eff : 1556-7230 https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2016.1263252

  42. Neto P, DL A, Devens KU (2018) Characterization of biochar from green coconut shell and orange peel wastes. Rev Virtual Quim 10:288–294. https://doi.org/10.21577/1984-6835.20180022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Gomes JCG, da SJLFAWV de ARF de, Andersen SLF (2018) Pyrolysis kinetics and physicochemical characteristics of skin , husk , and shell from green coconut wastes. Energ Ecol Env. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-019-00120-x

  44. Obeng GY, Amoah DY, Opoku R (2020) Coconut wastes as bioresource for sustainable energy : quantifying wastes , calorific values and emissions in Ghana. energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092178

  45. Sari RM, Gea S, Wirjosentono B, Hendrana S (2020) Improving quality and yield production of coconut shell charcoal through a modified pyrolysis reactor with tar scrubber to reduce smoke pollution. Pol J Environ Stud 29:1815–1824. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/110582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Taksitta K, Sujarit P, Ratanawimarnwong N (2020) Development of tannin-immobilized cellulose fiber extracted from coconut husk and the application as a biosorbent to remove heavy metal ions. Environ Nanotechnology, Monit Manag 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100389

  47. Wei X, Xue X, Wu L (2020) High-grade bio-oil produced from coconut shell : A comparative study of microwave reactor and core-shell catalyst. Energy 212(7):118692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Cristina F, Lopes R, Tannous K (2020) Coconut fiber pyrolysis decomposition kinetics applying single- and multi- step reaction models. Thermochim Acta 691:178714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2020.178714

  49. Hassan UF, Sallau AA, Ekanem EO (2021) Effect of carbonization temperature on properties of char from coconut shell. Int J Adv Chem 9:34–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Luiz J, Alves F, Constantino J (2019) Determination of the bioenergy potential of brazilian pine-fruit shell via pyrolysis kinetics , thermodynamic study , and evolved gas analysis. BioEnergy Res 12:168–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Zhu R, Yadama V (2016) Effects of hot water extraction pretreatment on physicochemical changes of Douglas fir. Biomass and Bioenergy 90:78–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. ASTM E871-82(2019) Standard Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019

  53. ASTM E872-82(2019) Standard Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019

  54. ASTM E1755-01(2020) Standard Test Method for Ash in Biomass, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020

  55. Mann BF, Chen H, Herndon EM (2015) Indexing permafrost soil organic matter degradation using high-resolution mass spectrometry. PLoS One 10:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Conag AT, Villahermosa JER, Cabatingan LK, Go AW (2018) Energy for sustainable development energy densification of sugarcane leaves through torrefaction under minimized oxidative atmosphere. 42:160–169

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ozawa T (1965) A new method of analyzing thermogravimetric data. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 38:1881–1886. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.38.1881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Akahira T (1971) (1971) Method of determining activation deterioration constant of electrical insulating material. Res Report Chiba Inst Technol 16:22–23

    Google Scholar 

  59. Wanjun T, Cunxin W, Donghua C (2005) An investigation of the pyrolysis kinetics of some aliphatic amino acids. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 75:49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2005.04.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Starink MJ (2003) The determination of activation energy from linear heating rate experiments: a comparison of the accuracy of iso-conversion methods. Thermochim Acta 404:163–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00144-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Criado JM, Málek J, Ortega A (1989) Applicability of the master plots in kinetic analysis of non-isothermal data. Thermochim Acta 147:377–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)85192-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Kumar M, Upadhyay SN, Mishra PK (2019) A comparative study of thermochemical characteristics of lignocellulosic biomasses. Bioresour Technol Reports 8:100186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Vyazovkin S, Burnham AK, Favergeon L (2020) ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for analysis of multi-step kinetics. Thermochim Acta 689:178597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2020.178597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Pawar A, Panwar NL, Jain S et al (2021) Thermal degradation of coconut husk waste biomass under non-isothermal condition. Biomass Conv. Bioref. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01657-w

  65. Luiz JFA, da Silva JCD, Mumbach GD, de Sena RF, Machado RAF, Marangoni C (2022) Prospection of catole coconut (syagrus cearensis) as a new bioenergy feedstock: Insights from physicochemical characterization, pyrolysis kinetics, and thermodynamics parameters. Renewable Energy 181:207–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Bhardwaj, A, Baxter, LL, Robinson (2004) Effects of intraparticle heat and mass transfer on biomass devolatilization: Experimental results and model predictions Energy Fuels 18(4) 1021–103110. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0340357

  67. Kan T, Strezov V, Evans TJ (2016) Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis: a review of product properties and effects of pyrolysis parameters Renew Sustain Energy Rev 57:1126–1140

    Google Scholar 

  68. Qureshi KM, Lup ANKKS, Abnisa F, Daud WMA (2018) A technical review on semi-continuous and continuous pyrolysis process of biomass to bio-oil. J Anal Appl Pyroly 131:52–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Azeta O, Ayeni AO, Agboola O, Elehinafe FB (2021) A review on the sustainable energy generation from the pyrolysis of coconut biomass Scientific African 13:e00909

    Google Scholar 

  70. Sagian HF, Widjaja A (2018) Effect of alkaline concentration on coconut husk crystallinity and the yield of sugars IOP Conf. Series. Materials Science and Engineering 306:012046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1/012046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Nogueira C, da C, Pudilha CE d A, de Jesus AA, Souza DF d S, Santos ESD (2019) Pressurized water pre-treatment to increase sugar production from green coconut. Revista Brasileira de Energias Renovveis 8(3):557–565

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Head of the Department and Co-coordinator of the Sophisticated Laboratory Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. One of the authors (MK) is grateful to the MHRD, New Delhi for the award of a senior research fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering &Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Uttar Pradesh, 221005, Varanasi, India

    Tanya Gupta, Mohit Kumar, S. N. Upadhyay & P. K. Mishra

  2. School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Technological University Dublin - City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman, Dublin, D07 ADY7, Ireland

    Amit K. Jaiswal

Authors
  1. Tanya Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohit Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. N. Upadhyay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. K. Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Amit K. Jaiswal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Tanya Gupta and Mohit Kumar contributed equally to carry out literature search, conducted all experiments, analyzed the experimental data and prepared first draft of manuscript.

S. N. Upadhyay helped in planning the experiments, analysis of data and finalization of the manuscript and supervised the entire work.

P. K. Mishra and Amit K. Jaiswal helped in planning the experiments, analysis of data and finalization of the manuscript and supervised the entire work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. N. Upadhyay.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

ESM 1

(DOCX 20 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gupta, T., Kumar, M., Upadhyay, S.N. et al. Effect of hot water extraction on pyrolysis of tender coconut fruit biomass: kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 11703–11725 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02265-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02265-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation