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Biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of Satureja sahendica Bornm: its characterization and antimicrobial features

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Abstract

Satureja sahendica Bornm belongs to the mint family (Lamiaceae family) and is a native medicinal plant-specific to Iran. In addition to being used in the kitchen, this plant contains essential oils with major constituents of thymol, γ-terpinene, paracetamol, and carvacrol, which have medicinal uses. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Satureja sahendica leaves was used for the biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles simply and cost-effectively. The biosynthesized nanoparticles, hereinafter referred to as SSE-ZnONPs, were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The analysis of the results demonstrated the successful synthesis of SSE-ZnONPs by the reductive action of Satureja sahendica extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be crystalline nanoscale structures with multi-dimensional round shape and particle size of 48 to 61 nm. UV–Vis analysis of the biosynthesized nanoparticles showed a characteristic spectral peak at 383 nm with a zeta potential value of − 40 mV. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of SSE-ZnONPs against gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus were found to be 1250, 625, 625, and 2500 µg/ml and 1000, 5000, 2500, and 5000 µg/l, respectively. SSE-ZnONPs, with a concentration of 600 μg/ml, prevented up to 60% and 30% of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Also, SSE-ZnONPs, at a concentration of 200 μg/ml, could inhibit the formation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus biofilms by up to 30% and 31%, respectively. The results showed that SSE-ZnONPs impede the exopolysaccharide (EPS) formation of the tested bacterial strains. Overall, the green synthesized SSE-ZnONPs have been shown to have antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities that could be used as a promising candidate for controlling pathogenic microorganisms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticulture, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran

    Vali Chegini & Kamran Akbari Noghabi

  2. Agricultural & Animal Science Research Center, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran

    Kamran Akbari Noghabi

  3. Department of Animal Sciences, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran

    Kian Pahlevan Afshari

  4. Department of Energy & Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran

    Mojgan Ebadi & Kambiz Akbari Noghabi

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  1. Vali Chegini
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  2. Kamran Akbari Noghabi
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  4. Mojgan Ebadi
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  5. Kambiz Akbari Noghabi
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Contributions

K.A.N. conceptualized and developed the main idea; V.C, and M.E. performed the experiments; K.A.N., K.P.A, and K.A.N analyzed the overall results; K.A.N. analyzed and interpreted all the data and wrote the manuscript. All the authors have seen and approved the final version of manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kamran Akbari Noghabi or Kambiz Akbari Noghabi.

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Chegini, V., Noghabi, K.A., Afshari, K.P. et al. Biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of Satureja sahendica Bornm: its characterization and antimicrobial features. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 16037–16048 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02187-1

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