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Wastewater treatment and energy production by microbial fuel cells

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Abstract

The increasing demands of efficient and sustainable energy generation methods from waste products have taken a giant leap in the last century, and especially in the previous two decades. Wastewater treatment has also been a much-researched topic in recent years owing to the exponential increase in effluent-laden wastewater from industries, the agricultural sector and food sector, and its effects on the environment. There have been plenty of wastewater treatment techniques over the years, but most of them lack in terms of cost-effectiveness, durability, and energy recovery rates. Microbial fuel cells can prove to be of great use to tackle both of these issues in one go, as they perform bioelectrochemical processes on organic biodegradable compounds to oxidize them to generate power which can be harnessed by various means. This article explains the aim, construction, mechanism, and application of microbial fuel cells; the economic and scientific challenges that they face in the future; and microbial fuel cell (MFC) hybrid systems which make use of MFCs combined with other useful technologies for greater aims and better efficiencies. It overall discusses the various ways in which MFCs outperform other wastewater treatment technologies by significantly decreasing sludge production and being environment-friendly, and also some limitations and drawbacks that MFCs face owing to the fact that they are relatively newer technologies and still require decades of modifications until they reach excellent output rates. MFCs are known not only for wastewater treatment but also for contaminant removal, heavy metal removal, biohydrogen production, applications in biosensors, etc., as also discussed in this article.

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Abbreviations

AEM:

anion exchange membrane

AFT:

anodic Fenton treatment

ANAMMOX:

anaerobic ammonium oxidation

AQDS:

anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonicsalt

BSA:

bovine serum albumin

BOD:

biological oxygen demand

CEM:

cation exchange membrane

CF:

carbon felt

COD:

chemical oxygen demand

HEPES:

2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid

MD:

membrane distillation

MDC:

microbial desalination cell

MEC:

microbial electrolysis cell

MED:

multi-effect distillation

MEDC:

microbial electrolysis desalination cell

MES:

2-Morpholinoethanesulfonic acid

MFC:

microbial fuel cell

MLMFC:

membrane-less microbial fuel cell

MPEC:

microbial photoelectrochemical cell

MSF:

multi-stage flash distillation

OLR:

organic loading rate

PEC:

photoelectrochemical cell

PEM:

proton exchange membrane

PFC:

photocatalytic fuel cells

pH:

power of hydrogen

PIPES:

piperazinediethanesulfonic acid

PPy:

polypyrrole

RO:

reverse osmosis

SLR:

sludge loading rate

UV:

ultraviolet

VSS:

volatile suspended solid

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The authors of this article would like to express their gratitude to the Association of Chemical Engineers, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, for facilitating and giving them the opportunity to conduct the studies and research involved in the making of this article.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India

    Sufiyan Siddiqui, Pranshul Bhatnagar, Sahej Dhingra, Utkarsh Upadhyay & I. Sreedhar

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Siddiqui, S., Bhatnagar, P., Dhingra, S. et al. Wastewater treatment and energy production by microbial fuel cells. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 3569–3592 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01411-2

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