Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Investigations on the tribological behaviour, toxicity, and biodegradability of kapok oil bio-lubricant blended with (SAE20W40) mineral oil

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Vegetable oil becomes a viable alternative to mineral or synthetic oils due to its biodegradable nature. In this work, one such vegetable-based non-edible oil (kapok oil) is blended with a mineral-based oil (SAE20W40) at 15 and 30% ratio (by volume), and its changes in thermal, tribological, and corrosive properties were evaluated. Four-ball tribometer is utilized to assess its dynamic friction coefficient and the wear scar diameter of the worn out area on the ball. Biodegradability and toxicity test of kapok oil were examined and compared with the palm and mineral oil through bacterial growth and brine shrimp assay methods, respectively. The results showed that the dynamic friction coefficient and specific wear rate of the blended oil were lesser than the mineral oil. The mineral oil produced a higher roughness average (Ra) value than that of the blended oil. Kapok oil shows an adequate tribological properties (anti-friction and anti-wear) in contrast to the other vegetable oils. Overall, kapok oil had a high biodegradability nature and lower toxicity than the mineral oil.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Delgado M, Quinchia L, Galegos C (2010) Viscosity modification of different vegetable oil with EVA copolymer for lubricant applicants. J Ind Crops Products 32(3):607–612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Agrawal SM, Lahane S, Patil N, Brahmankar P (2014) Experimental investigations into wear characteristics of M2 steel using cotton seed oil. Proc Eng 97:4–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Liew WYH, Dayou S, Dayou J, Siambun NJ, Ismail MAB (2014) The effectiveness of palm oil methyl ester as lubricant additive in milling and four-ball tests. Int J Surf Sci Eng 8(2-3):153–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mannan A, Sabri MFM, Kalam MA, Hassan MH (2018) Tribological performance of DLC/DLC and steel/DLC contacts in the presence of additivated oil. Int J Surf Sci Eng 12(1):60–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zainal N, Zulkifli N, Gulzar M, Masjuki H (2018) A review on the chemistry, production, and technological potential of bio-based lubricants. J Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:80–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Panchal TM, Patel A, Chauhan D, Thomas M, Patel JV (2017) A methodological review on bio-lubricants from vegetable oil based resources. J Renew Sustain Energy Rev 70:65–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Farfan-Cabrera LI, Gallardo-Hernández EA, Gómez-Guarneros M, Pérez-González J, Godínez-Salcedo JG (2020) Alteration of lubricity of Jatropha oil used as bio-lubricant for engines due to thermal ageing. J Renew Energy 149:1197–1204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sajeeb A, Rajendrakumar PK (2019) Comparative evaluation of lubricant properties of biodegradable blend of coconut and mustard oil. J Clean Prod 240:118255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Singh Y, Garg R, Kumar S (2016) Comparative tribological investigation on EN31 with pongamia and jatropha as lubricant additives. Energy Sources A Recov Utilization Environ Effects 38(18):2756–2762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jyothi P, Susmitha M, Sharan P (2017) Performance evaluation of NEEM oil and HONGE Oil as cutting fluid in drilling operation of mild steel. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. vol 1. IOP Publishing, p 012026

  11. Nandakumar C, Raman V, Saravanan C, Vikneswaran M, Yadav SPR, Thirunavukkarasu M (2020) Effect of nozzle hole geometry on the operation of kapok biodiesel in a diesel engine. J Fuel 276:118114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Asokan M, Vijayan R, Prabu SS, Venkatesan N (2016) Experimental studies on the combustion characteristics and performance of a DI diesel engine using kapok oil methyl ester/diesel blends. International Journal of Oil, Gas Coal. Technology 12(1):105–119

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bakthavathsalam S, Gounder RI, Muniappan K (2019) The influence of ceramic-coated piston crown, exhaust gas recirculation, compression ratio and engine load on the performance and emission behavior of kapok oil–diesel blend operated diesel engine in comparison with thermal analysis. J Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(24):24772–24794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ong LK, Effendi C, Kurniawan A, Lin CX, Zhao XS, Ismadji S (2013) Optimization of catalyst-free production of biodiesel from Ceiba pentandra (kapok) oil with high free fatty acid contents. J Energy 57:615–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sivakumar P, Sindhanaiselvan S, Gandhi NN, Devi SS, Renganathan S (2013) Optimization and kinetic studies on biodiesel production from underutilized Ceiba Pentandra oil. J Fuel 103:693–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Vedharaj S, Vallinayagam R, Yang W, Chou S, Chua K, Lee P (2013) Experimental investigation of kapok (Ceiba pentandra) oil biodiesel as an alternate fuel for diesel engine. J Energy Convers Manag 75:773–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Vedharaj S, Vallinayagam R, Yang W, Chou S, Lee P (2014) Effect of adding 1, 4-Dioxane with kapok biodiesel on the characteristics of a diesel engine. J Appl Energy 136:1166–1173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Shankar S, Manikandan M, Raja G (2018) Evaluation of tribological properties of Ceiba pentandra (kapok) seed oil as an alternative lubricant. Ind Lubrication Tribol 70(3):506–511. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-04-2017-0103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Shankar S, Manikandan M, Raja G, Pramanik A (2020) Experimental investigations of vibration and acoustics signals in milling process using kapok oil as cutting fluid. J Mech Ind 21(5):521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Shankar S, Elango S (2017) Dry sliding wear behavior of palmyra shell ash–reinforced aluminum matrix (AlSi10Mg) composites. Tribol Trans 60(3):469–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sabarinath S, Rajeev SP, Kumar PR, Nair KP (2020) Development of fully formulated eco-friendly nanolubricant from sesame oil. J Appl Nanosci 10(2):577–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Rani S (2017) The evaluation of lubricant properties and environmental effect of bio-lubricant developed from rice bran oil. Int J Surf Sci Eng 11(5):403–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Nair SS, Nair KP, Rajendrakumar PK (2017) Evaluation of physicochemical, thermal and tribological properties of sesame oil (Sesamum indicum L.): a potential agricultural crop base stock for eco-friendly industrial lubricants. Int J Agric Resour Gov Ecol 13(1):77–90

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sabarinath S, Rajeev SP, Kumar PR, Nair KP (2019) Development of fully formulated eco-friendly nanolubricant from sesame oil. Appl Nanosci:1–10

  25. Gerwick WH, Proteau PJ, Nagle DG, Hamel E, Blokhin A, Slate DL (1994) Structure of curacin A, a novel antimitotic, antiproliferative and brine shrimp toxic natural product from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J Organic Chem 59(6):1243–1245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Siniawski MT, Saniei N, Pfaendtner J (2007) Tribological degradation of two vegetable-based lubricants at elevated temperatures. J Synth Lubr 24(3):167–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Noorawzi N, Samion S (2016) Tribological effects of vegetable oil as alternative lubricant: a pin-on-disk tribometer and wear study. Tribol Trans 59(5):831–837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Bhaumik S, Mathew BR, Datta S (2019) Computational intelligence-based design of lubricant with vegetable oil blend and various nano friction modifiers. J Fuel 241:733–743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kalam M, Masjuki H, Cho HM, Mosarof M, Mahmud MI, Chowdhury MA, Zulkifli N (2017) Influences of thermal stability, and lubrication performance of biodegradable oil as an engine oil for improving the efficiency of heavy duty diesel engine. J Fuel 196:36–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Asadauskas S, Perez JM, Duda JL (1996) Oxidative stability and antiwear properties of high oleic vegetable oils. Lubr Eng 52:877–882

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ren S-L, Yang S-R, Wang J-Q, Liu W-M, Zhao Y-P (2004) Preparation and tribological studies of stearic acid self-assembled monolayers on polymer-coated silicon surface. J Chem Mater 16(3):428–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Rani S, Joy M, Nair KP (2015) Evaluation of physiochemical and tribological properties of rice bran oil–biodegradable and potential base stoke for industrial lubricants. Ind Crop Prod 65:328–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Mancini A, Imperlini E, Nigro E, Montagnese C, Daniele A, Orrù S, Buono P (2015) Biological and nutritional properties of palm oil and palmitic acid: effects on health. J Molecules 20(9):17339–17361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Havet L, Blouet J, Valloire FR, Brasseur E, Slomka D (2001) Tribological characteristics of some environmentally friendly lubricants. J Wear 248(1-2):140–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ameen O, Olatunji G, Atata R, Usman L (2019) Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic test and phytochemical screening of extracts of the stem of Fadogia agrestis. J Niseb J 11(1)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 060, India

    S. Shankar

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nandha Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 052, India

    M. Manikandan

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 060, India

    D. K. Karupannasamy & C. Jagadeesh

  4. School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia

    Alokesh Pramanik

  5. Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia

    Animesh Kumar Basak

Authors
  1. S. Shankar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Manikandan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. K. Karupannasamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. C. Jagadeesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alokesh Pramanik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Animesh Kumar Basak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Shankar.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shankar, S., Manikandan, M., Karupannasamy, D.K. et al. Investigations on the tribological behaviour, toxicity, and biodegradability of kapok oil bio-lubricant blended with (SAE20W40) mineral oil. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 3669–3681 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01394-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01394-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation