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Thermal degradation of dry kitchen waste: kinetics and pyrolysis products

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Abstract

Pyrolysis of dry kitchen waste (KW) has been investigated using TGA/DTG, DSC, and lab-scale fixed-bed pyrolyser. Thermal characterization of the dry kitchen waste (KW) was carried out using standard protocols. The pyrolysis has been carried out at three different heating rates of 15, 20, and 40 °C/min from room temperature to 1000 °C. Kinetic analysis of the pyrolysis process using TGA data has been carried using iso-conversional model-free methods of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Tang, and Starink methods as well as model fitting method of Coats–Redfern. The pyrolysis for liquid yield (bio-oil) of pelletized KW was also performed at 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C at a single heating rate of 15 °C/min in an inert atmosphere using a lab-scale fixed-bed pyrolyser. The maximum bio-oil yield (29.52%) was obtained at 500 °C. The FTIR results indicated the presence of alcoholic, phenolic, ester, and oxygenated group containing compounds, and GCMS results also indicated the presence of varying amounts of several organic molecules. The calorific value of the bio-oil was found to be 24 MJ/kg.

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Abbreviations

A:

Arrhenius pre-exponential factor, s−1

C1 :

constant

E:

activation energy, kJ/mol

f(α):

reaction model based function of conversion

g(α):

integral conversion function

ΔG:

change in free energy, MJ/mol

ΔH:

change in enthalpy, MJ/mol

k(T):

temperature dependent reaction rate constant

mo :

mass of biomass, kg

mt :

mass of biomass at time t, kg

mf :

final mass of biomass, kg

P(x):

conversion function (= x−2e-x)

R:

universal gas constant (= 8.314 J/mol·K)

t:

time, s or min

T:

temperature, K

α:

conversion

β:

heating rate, oC/min

AC:

ash content, %

CR:

Coats–Redfern

DSC:

differential scanning calorimeter

DTG:

differential thermo-gravimetric analysis

FC:

fixed carbon, %

FTIR:

Fourier Transform infrared

FWO:

Flynn Wall Ozawa

GCMS:

Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer

HHV:

higher heating value, MJ/kg

KAS:

Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose

KW:

kitchen waste/grain waste

MC :

moisture content, %

TGA:

thermo-gravimetric analysis

VM:

volatile matter, %

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the head of the Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology and coordinator of the Sophisticated Laboratory and Central Instrument Facility Centre, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. The authors would also like to thank the in charge of the Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility (AIRF) JNU, New Delhi, for carrying out the GCMS analysis. One of the authors (MK) is grateful to the MHRD, New Delhi, for the award of a senior research fellowship.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering &Technology, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Mohit Kumar, Neha Srivastava, S. N. Upadhyay & P. K. Mishra

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  1. Mohit Kumar
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Contributions

Mohit Kumar carried out the literature search, conducted all experiments, analyzed the experimental data, and prepared first draft of manuscript.

Neha Srivastava assisted in the conduct of experiments and preparation of the first draft of the manuscript.

S. N. Upadhyay helped in planning the experiments, analysis of data, and finalization of the manuscript and supervised the entire work.

P. K. Mishra helped in planning the experiments, analysis of data, and finalization of the manuscript and supervised the entire work.

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Correspondence to S. N. Upadhyay.

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Kumar, M., Srivastava, N., Upadhyay, S.N. et al. Thermal degradation of dry kitchen waste: kinetics and pyrolysis products. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 2779–2796 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01309-z

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