Abstract
Lignin molecules contain alcohol hydroxyl and phenolic hydroxyl, so lignin can be used instead of toxic bisphenol A (BPA) to synthesize epoxy resin, which can not only reduce the amount of formaldehyde emission but also achieve the purpose of waste utilization and environmental protection. In this study, the lignin of Eucalyptus urophylla was extracted with ionic liquid as the extraction agent, and subsequently phenolated by methylphenol as phenolic agent with concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst to prepare phenolated lignin (PLG). Then, using NaOH as catalyst, the PLG was epoxidized with epoxy chloropropane (ECH) to synthesize the lignin-based epoxy resin (LGEP). The extraction of lignin and the synthesis of LGEP were investigated by the single-factor and orthogonal test, and the Eucalyptus urophylla raw materials, lignin, PLG, and LGEP were characterized by UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA. The results demonstrated that when the ionic liquid was [ChCl][Gly], the temperature was 90 °C, the time was 4 h, and the liquid-solid ratio was 20:1; the extraction rate of lignin reached 93.73%, and the purity of the regenerated lignin was 96.3%. The mass ratio of PLG to ECH was 1:2.5, the mass fraction of NaOH was 20% of the mass of PLG, the reaction time was 3 h, and the reaction temperature was 95 °C. Under this condition, the epoxy value of LGEP was 0.364.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Jin FL, Li X, Park SJ (2015) Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: a review[J]. J Ind Eng Chem 29:1–11
Naheed S, Mohammad J, Alothman Othman Y et al (2016) Recent advances in epoxy resin, natural fiber-reinforced epoxy composites and their applications[J]. J Reinf Plast Compos 35(6):447–470
Kumar S, Krishnan S, Mohanty S et al (2018) Synthesis and characterization of petroleum and biobased epoxy resins: a review[J]. Polym Int 67(7):815–839
Patil V, Samant P (2017) Recent developments in bio-Hased epoxy resin-a review[J]. Paintindia 67(3):61–67
Billington SL, Sattely ES, Li RJ et al (2018) A lignin-epoxy resin derived from biomass as an alternative to formaldehyde-based wood adhesives[J]. Green Chem 20(7):1459–1466
Gioia C, Colonna M, Tagami A, Medina L, Sevastyanova O, Berglund LA, Lawoko M (2020) Lignin-based epoxy resins: unravelling the relationship between structure and material properties[J]. Biomacromolecules 21(5):1920–1928
Feghali E, Pas DJVD, Torr KM (2020) Toward bio-based epoxy thermoset polymers from depolymerized native lignins produced at the pilot scale[J]. Biomacromolecules 21(4):1548–1559
Feghali E, Pas DJVD, Parrott AJ et al (2020) Biobased epoxy thermoset polymers from depolymerized native hardwood lignin[J]. ACS Macro Lett 9(8):1155–1160
Khokarale SG, Le-That T, Mikkola J-P (2016) Carbohydrate free lignin: a dissolution-recovery cycle of sodium lignosulfonate in a switchable ionic liquid system[J]. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4(12):7032–7040
Erdocia X, Labidi J, Prado R (2013) Lignin extraction and purification with ionic liquids[J]. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 88(7):1248–1257
Lee SH, Doherty TV, Linhardt RJ et al (2009) Ionic liquid-mediated selective extraction of lignin from wood leading to enhanced enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis[J]. Biotechnol Bioeng 102(5):1368–1376
Arni A, Saleh (2018) Extraction and isolation methods for lignin separation from sugarcane bagasse: a review[J]. Ind Crop Prod 115:330–339
Gogoi G, Hazarika S (2017) Coupling of ionic liquid treatment and membrane filtration for recovery of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass[J]. Sep Purif Technol 173:113–120
Yu H, Fan J, Hu J (2012) One-pot conversion of sugars and lignin in ionic liquid and recycling of ionic liquid[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res 51(8):3452–3457
Revie, Financie, Muhammad, Moniruzzaman, Yoshimitsu, Ue. Recent advances of using ionic liquid in lignocellulosic biomass degradation[J].Appl Mech Mater, 2014, 3345 (1250): 834–837
Moniruzzaman M, Ono T (2013) Separation and characterization of cellulose fibers from cypress wood treated with ionic liquid prior to laccase treatment[J].Bioresource technology: biomass, bioenergy, biowastes, conversion technologies, biotransformations. Prod Technol 127:132–137
Liang X, Fu Y, Chang J (2019) Effective separation, recovery and recycling of deep eutectic solvent after biomass fractionation with membrane-based methodology[J]. Sep Purif Technol 210:409–416
Huiwen L, Miao C, Pengmei LU et al (2019) Extract of Eucalyptus lignin and synthesis and characterization of lignin-epoxyresin[J]. J Cellulose Sci Technol 27(4):46–51
Shen, Xiao-Jun,Mei, Qing-Qing,Sun, Run-Cang, et al.Facile fractionation of lignocelluloses by biomass-derived deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment for cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis and lignin valorization[J].Green Chem,2019, 21(2):275–283
Kadam A, Pawar M, Yemul O et al (2015) Biodegradable biobased epoxy resin from karanja oil[J]. Polymer 72:82–92
Paluvai NR, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2014) Synthesis and modifications of epoxy resins and their composites: a review[J]. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 53(16):1723–1758
He Z, Wang Y, Zhao T (2014) Ultrasonication-assisted rapid determination of epoxide values in polymer mixtures containing epoxy resin[J]. Anal Methods 6(12):4257–4261
Hu Z, Jiang J, Gupta KM (2011) Mechanistic understanding of interactions between cellulose and ionic liquids: a molecular simulation study[J]. Polymer 52(25):5904–5911
Kadokawa, Jun-ichi,Yamamoto, Kazuya,Uto, Takuya. Cellulose crystal dissolution in imidazolium-based ionic liquids: a theoretical study[J].J Phys Chem B,2018, 122(1):258–266
Kakuchi R, Ito R, Nomura S et al (2017) A mechanistic insight into the organocatalytic properties of imidazolium-based ionic liquids and a positive co-solvent effect on cellulose modification reactions in an ionic liquid[J]. RSC Adv 7(16):9423–9430
Chang G, Wei X, Tiaokun F et al (2018) Effects of temperature on cellulose hydrogen bonds during dissolution in ionic liquid[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers 201:387–391
Liu X, Zhang S, Yao Y et al (2015) Dissolving process of a cellulose bunch in ionic liquids: a molecular dynamics study[J]. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(27):17894–17905
Chen Z, Wan C (2018) Ultrafast fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass by microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent pretreatment[J]. Bioresour Technol 250:532–537
Kumar AK, Parikh BS, Pravakar M (2016) Natural deep eutectic solvent mediated pretreatment of rice straw: bioanalytical characterization of lignin extract and enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass residue[J]. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(10):9265–9275
Poon ZY, Teoh WH, Daud NNN et al (2019) Potential use of pure and diluted choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent in delignification of oil palm fronds[J]. Transactions of The Institution of Chemical Engineers Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Part B 123:190–198
Teipel U, Schaefer T, Eisenlauer M (2018) Extraction of spruce lignin with a deep eutectic solvent in dependence of the particle size[J]. Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik: Verfahrenstechnik Technische Chemie Apparatewesen Biotechnologie 90(4):507–512
Chen Z, Wan C, Reznicek WD (2018) Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment enabling full utilization of switchgrass[J]. Bioresour Technol 263:40–48
Ferdosian F, Yuan Z, Anderson M, Xu C(C) (2014) Synthesis of lignin-based epoxy resins: optimization of reaction parameters using response surface methodology[J]. RSC Adv 4(60):31745–31753
Kuo PY, Sain M, Yan N (2014) Synthesis and characterization of an extractive-based bio-epoxy resin from beetle infested Pinus contorta bark[J]. Green Chem 16(7):3483–3493
Yang G, Jahan MS, Ni Y (2013) Structural characterization of pre-hydrolysis liquor lignin and its comparison with other technical lignins[J]. Curr Org Chem 17(15):1589–1595
Amizon A, Nawwarah M, Salwa Z et al (2019) Concerns on analytical results involving infrared to microscopic data dealing with ionic liquids in pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass[J]. Key Eng Mater 4555(1594):211–217
Ming Qiang C, Shao Min L, Feng L et al (2013) The study on curing kinetics of lignin based epoxy resin system using non-isothermal DSC method[J]. Adv Mater Res 2621(1576):223–227
Laesecke J, Ellis N, Kirchen P (2017) Production, analysis and combustion characterization of biomass fast pyrolysis oil – biodiesel blends for use in diesel engines[J]. Fuel 199:346–357
Funding
This work was supported by the financial funds received from the Guangdong science project (2015B020241002), National Key R&D Program(2017YFD0601003), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (21506217).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Miao, C., Xinshu, Z., Yang, L. et al. Study on extraction of lignin and synthesis of lignin-based epoxy resins using ionic liquid. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 1115–1126 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01295-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01295-2