Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

In-Vitro Antibacterial Screening of Punica granatum and Rhamnus sp. Extracts from Saudi Arabia

  • Research Article-Biological Sciences
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the face of the escalating global antibiotic resistance crisis, exploring alternative therapeutic avenues has become imperative. This study investigates the antibacterial potential of Punica granatum and Rhamnus sp. extracts from Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Antibacterial activities were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis using well diffusion, MIC, and MBC assays. The antibacterial tests of both plants revealed that ethanolic extracts demonstrate superior activity compared to chloroform extracts. Also, Enterococcus faecalis proves most susceptible (up to 33 mm inhibition), while Escherichia coli exhibits notable resistance. Although Escherichia coli was the most resistant organism using MIC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most susceptible strain with MIC less than 12.5 mg/mL. The Punica granatum extracts and Rhamnus sp. chloroformed extract display primarily bactericidal effects, whereas the ethanolic extract of Rhamnus sp. has a mainly bacteriostatic effect. Phytochemical analysis reveals a rich composition, including different well-known antimicrobial chemical classes. These findings underscore the potent antibacterial activity of both plants against diverse bacterial strains. The study emphasizes the need for further research into their phytochemical characterization and mechanistic insights.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Acquah, C.; Danquah, M.K.; Agyei, D.; Moy, C.K.; Sidhu, A.; Ongkudon, C.M.: Deploying aptameric sensing technology for rapid pandemic monitoring. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 36(6), 1010–1022 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Nikaido, H.: Multidrug resistance in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 78, 119–146 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Franzolin, M.R.; Courrol, D.D.S.; Silva, F.R.D.O.; Courrol, L.C.: Antimicrobial activity of silver and gold nanoparticles prepared by photoreduction process with leaves and fruit extracts of Plinia cauliflora and Punica granatum. Molecules 27(20), 6860 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Aslam, B.; Wang, W.; Arshad, M.I.; Khurshid, M.; Muzammil, S.; Rasool, M.H.; Nisar, M.A.; Alvi, R.F.; Aslam, M.A.; Qamar, M.U.; Salamat, M.K.F.; Baloch, Z.: Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infect. Drug Resistance 11, 1645–1658 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S173867

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ivanova, K.; Ivanova, A.; Ramon, E.; Hoyo, J.; Sanchez-Gomez, S.; Tzanov, T.: Antibody-enabled antimicrobial nanocapsules for selective elimination of Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(32), 35918–35927 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Fan, P.; Ma, Z.; Partow, A.J.; Kim, M.; Shoemaker, G.M.; Tan, R.; Jeong, K.C.: A novel combination therapy for multidrug resistant pathogens using chitosan nanoparticles loaded with β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamase inhibitors. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 195, 506–514 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Saini, S.; Mishra, P.; Balhara, M.; Dutta, D.; Ghosh, S.; Chaudhuri, S.: Antimicrobial potency of Punica granatum peel extract: against multidrug resistant clinical isolates. Gene Rep. 30, 101744 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hanoun, S.; Agaba, I.; Agoun, I.; Gaid, K.A.; Mellal, H.; Chenna, H.; Aroua, K.: Phytochemical screening and in vitro antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Thymelaea hirsuta and Anacyclus pyrethrum from Algeria against multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with skin infections. Tropical J. Nat. Product Res., 7(5). (2023)

  9. Susilo, B.; Rohim, A.; Wahyu, M.L.: Serial extraction technique of rich antibacterial compounds in Sargassum cristaefolium using different solvents and testing their activity. Curr. Bioact. Compd. 18(3), 18–25 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Abe, R.; Ohtani, K.: An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and traditional therapies on Batan Island, the Philippines. J. Ethnopharmacol. 145(2), 554–565 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Singh, A.; Rani, R.; Sharma, M.: Medicinal herbs of Punjab (India). In: Biological Forum (Vol. 10, pp. 10–27). (2018)

  12. Orhan, I.E.: Pharmacognosy: science of natural products in drug discovery. BioImpacts: BI 4(3), 109 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Rout, S.P.; Choudary, K.A.; Kar, D.M.; Das, L.O.P.A.M.U.D.R.A.; Jain, A.: Plants in traditional medicinal system-future source of new drugs. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 1(1), 1–23 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sharma, P.; Singh, V.; Maurya, S.K.; Kamal, M.A.; Poddar, N.K.: Antimicrobial and antifungal properties of leaves to root extracts and saponin fractions of Chlorophytum borivilianum. Curr. Bioact. Compd. 17(6), 59–68 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kupnik, K.; Primožič, M.; Vasić, K.; Knez, Ž; Leitgeb, M.: A Comprehensive study of the antibacterial activity of bioactive juice and extracts from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels and seeds. Plants 10(8), 1554 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Shaygannia, E.; Bahmani, M.; Zamanzad, B.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.: A review study on Punica granatum L. J. Evid. Complement. Alternat. Med. 21(3), 221–227 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ross, R.G.; Selvasubramanian, S.; Jayasundar, S.: Immunomodulatory activity of Punica granatum in rabbits—a preliminary study. J. Ethnopharmacol. 78(1), 85–87 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hajifattahi, F.; Moravej-Salehi, E.; Taheri, M.; Mahboubi, A.; Kamalinejad, M.: Antibacterial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum Linn. petal on common oral microorganisms. Int. J. Biomater., 2016 (2016).

  19. Singh, B.; Singh, J.P.; Kaur, A.; Singh, N.: Phenolic compounds as beneficial phytochemicals in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel: a review. Food Chem. 261, 75–86 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kosalec, I.; Kremer, D.; Locatelli, M.; Epifano, F.; Genovese, S.; Carlucci, G.; Končić, M.Z.: Anthraquinone profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bark extracts of Rhamnus alaternus, R. fallax, R. intermedia and R. pumila. Food Chem. 136(2), 335–341 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Marzouk, M.S.; El-Toumy, S.A.; Merfort, I.; Nawwar, M.A.: Polyphenolic metabolites of Rhamnus disperma. Phytochemistry 52(5), 943–946 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Stocker, P.; Yousfi, M.; Djerridane, O.; Perrier, J.; Amziani, R.; El Boustani, S.; Moulin, A.: Effect of flavonoids from various Mediterranean plants on enzymatic activity of intestinal carboxylesterase. Biochimie 86(12), 919–925 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bhouri, W.; Sghaier, M.B.; Kilani, S.; Bouhlel, I.; Dijoux-Franca, M.G.; Ghedira, K.; Ghedira, L.C.: Evaluation of antioxidant and antigenotoxic activity of two flavonoids from Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae): Kaempferol 3-O-β-isorhamninoside and rhamnocitrin 3-O-β-isorhamninoside. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49(5), 1167–1173 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ammar, R.B.; Bouhlel, I.; Valenti, K.; Sghaier, M.B.; Kilani, S.; Mariotte, A.M.; Chekir-Ghedira, L.: Transcriptional response of genes involved in cell defense system in human cells stressed by H2O2 and pre-treated with (Tunisian) Rhamnus alaternus extracts: combination with polyphenolic compounds and classic in vitro assays. Chemico-Biol. Interact. 168(3), 171–183 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ayele, T.M.; Abebe, E.C.; Muche, Z.T.; Agidew, M.M.; Yimer, Y.S.; Addis, G.T.; Zelalem, A.E.: In vivo antidiarrheal activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions of Rhamnus prinoides (Rhamnaceae) leaves. Heliyon 9, e16654 (2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Nenaah, G.: Antimicrobial activity of Calotropis procera Ait. (Asclepiadaceae) and isolation of four flavonoid glycosides as the active constituents. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29, 1255–1262 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sanders, E.R.: Aseptic laboratory techniques: plating methods. JoVE 63, e3064 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Balouiri, M.; Sadiki, M.; Ibnsouda, S.K.: Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review. J. Pharmaceutical Anal. 6(2), 71–79 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sarker, M.M.R.; Islam, K.N.; Huri, H.Z.; Rahman, M.; Imam, H.; Hosen, M.B.; Sarker, M.Z.I.: Studies of the impact of occupational exposure of pharmaceutical workers on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance. J. Occupat. Health 56(4), 260–270 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Khuda, F.; Alam, N.; Khalil, A.A.K.; Jan, A.; Naureen, F.; Ullah, Z.; Büyüker, S.M.: Screening of Rhamnus Purpurea (Edgew.) leaves for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential. ACS Omega 7(26), 22977–22985 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Unnisa, N.; Tabassum, H.; Ali, M.N.; Ponia, K.R.I.T.I.K.A.: Evaluation of antibacterial activity of five selected fruits on bacterial wound isolates. Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci 10(11), 12 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Al-Juraifani, A.A.: Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants used in Saudi Arabia. Can. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 5(2), 1509–1512 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Mogana, R.; Adhikari, A.; Tzar, M.N.; Ramliza, R.; Wiart, C.J.B.C.M.: Antibacterial activities of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from Canarium patentinervium Miq. against bacterial clinical isolates. BMC Complement Med. Therapies 20, 1–11 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Srinivasan, G.; Shanthi, M.; Mini, M.L.; Vellaikumar, S.; Sujatha, K.: Phytochemical profiling and toxicity effect of various seaweed species against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Plutellidae; Lepidoptera). Research Square. (2022)

  35. Siswadi, S.; Saragih, G.S.: Phytochemical analysis of bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Sterculia quadrifida R. Br. In: AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2353, No. 1). AIP Publishing. (2021)

  36. Jogaiah, S. (ed.): Biocontrol Agents and Secondary Metabolites: Applications and Immunization for Plant Growth and Protection. Woodhead Publishing, Elsevier, Netherlands (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Montenegro, I.; Said, B.; Godoy, P.; Besoain, X.; Parra, C.; Díaz, K.; Madrid, A.: Antifungal activity of essential oil and main components from Mentha pulegium growing wild on the Chilean central coast. Agronomy 10(2), 254 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Salim, S.A.: In vitro induction of callus from different explants ofterminalia arjuna (roxb.) Wight and arn. And detection of its active secondary metabolites using gc-ms analysis. Plant Archiv. 18(2), 2519–2527 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Saddiq, A.A.; Tag, H.M.; Doleib, N.M.; Salman, A.S.; Hagagy, N.: Antimicrobial, antigenotoxicity, and characterization of Calotropis procera and its rhizosphere-inhabiting Actinobacteria: In vitro and in vivo studies. Molecules 27(10), 3123 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Odeh, I.C.; Tor-Anyiin, T.A.; Igoli, J.O.; Anyam, J.V.: In vitro antimicrobial properties of friedelan-3-one from Pterocarpus santalinoides L’Herit, ex Dc. Afr. J. Biotech. 15(14), 531–538 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Devakumar, J.; Keerthana, V.; Sudha, S.S.: Identification of bioactive compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Syzygium jambos (L.) collected from Western Ghats region Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Asian J. Pharmaceutical Clin. Res. 10(1), 364–369 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Chenniappan, J.; Sankaranarayanan, A.; Arjunan, S.: Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Cissus quadrangularis L. stem extracts against avian pathogens and determination of its bioactive constituents using GC-MS. J. Sci. Res. Sci. 64(1), 90–6 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Oscar, N.D.Y.; Desire, S.; Olivier, N.E.; Mala Opono, M.T.G.; Barthelemy, N.: Fatty alcohols isolated from Prosopis africana and evaluation of antibacterial and antituberculosis activities. J. Dis. Med. Plants 4(5), 128–132 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Divyadharsini, V.; Uma Maheswari, T.N.; Rajeshkumar, S.: Assessment of antimicrobial activity of lycopene, vitamin E, and lycopene-vitamin E combination against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans: an in vitro study. Cureus (2023). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.42419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Arora, S.; Meena, S.: Pharmacological studies on flowers of Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Var. bulbosa and lushii (Grah.) Hook. F from Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India. Res. J. Pharmacognosy Phytochem. 10(3), 226–232 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Koné, W.M.; Atindehou, K.K.; Terreaux, C.; Hostettmann, K.U.R.T.; Traore, D.; Dosso, M.: Traditional medicine in North Côte-d’Ivoire: screening of 50 medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93(1), 43–49 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Tong, S.Y.; Davis, J.S.; Eichenberger, E.; Holland, T.L.; Fowler, V.G., Jr.: Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 28(3), 603–661 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Abdullah; Asghar, A.; Algburi, A.; Huang, Q.; Ahmad, T.; Zhong, H.; Chikindas, M.L.: Anti-biofilm potential of Elletaria cardamomum essential oil against Escherichia coli O157: H7 and salmonella typhimurium JSG 1748. Front. Microbiol. 12, 620227 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Hoff, R.T.; Patel, A.; Shapiro, A.: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an uncommon cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in an immunocompetent ambulatory adult. Case Rep. Gastrointest. Med. 2020, 1–3 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Pachori, P.; Gothalwal, R.; Gandhi, P.: Emergence of antibiotic resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care unit; a critical review. Genes Dis. 6(2), 109–119 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Goh, H.S.; Yong, M.A.; Chong, K.K.L.; Kline, K.A.: Model systems for the study of Enterococcal colonization and infection. Virulence 8(8), 1525–1562 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Maharjan, N.: Evaluation of antibacterial activities of medicinal plants (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Microbiology). Tribhuvan University, Nepal (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Arumugam, T.; Ayyanar, M.; Pillai, Y.J.K.; Sekar, T.: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of leaf and callus extracts of Centella asiatica. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol. 6(1), 55–60 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Dahham, S.S.; Ali, M.N.; Tabassum, H.; Khan, M.: Studies on antibacterial and antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Am. -Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 9(3), 273–281 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ahmad, I.; Beg, A.Z.: Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. J. Ethnopharmacol. 74(2), 113–123 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Duman, A.D.; Ozgen, M.; Dayisoylu, K.S.; Erbil, N.; Durgac, C.: Antimicrobial activity of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties and their relation to some of their pomological and phytonutrient characteristics. Molecules 14(5), 1808–1817 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Hegde Chaitra, R.; Madhuri, M.; Swaroop, T.N.; Arijit, D.; Sourav, B.; Rohit, K.: Evaluation of antimicrobial properties, phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of leaf extracts of Punica granatum L. J. Biol. Sci. 1(2), 32–37 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Mahboubi, A.; Asgarpanah, J.; Sadaghiyani, P.N.; Faizi, M.: Total phenolic and flavonoid content and antibacterial activity of Punica granatum L. var. pleniflora flowers (Golnar) against bacterial strains causing foodborne diseases. BMC Complement. Alternat. Med. 15(1), 1–7 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Ahmad, J.: Antimicrobial activities of medicinal plant Rhamnus virgata (Roxb.) Batsch from Abbottabad, Nathia Gali, KPK, Pakistan. Ann. Roman. Soc. Cell Biol. 25(7), 1502–1511 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Carranza, M.G.; Sevigny, M.B.; Banerjee, D.; Fox-Cubley, L.: Antibacterial activity of native California medicinal plant extracts isolated from Rhamnus californica and Umbellularia californica. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 14(1), 1–6 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Zeouk, I.; Ouedrhiri, W.; Sifaoui, I.; Bazzocchi, I.L.; Piñero, J.E.; Jiménez, I.A.; Bekhti, K.: Bioguided isolation of active compounds from Rhamnus alaternus against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and panton-valentine leucocidin positive strains (MSSA-PVL). Molecules 26(14), 4352 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Voravuthikunchai, S.P.; Kitpipit, L.: Activity of medicinal plant extracts against hospital isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11(6), 510–512 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Fawole, O.A.; Makunga, N.P.; Opara, U.L.: Antibacterial, antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibition activities of pomegranate fruit peel methanolic extract. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12(1), 1–11 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Griffin, S.G.; Markham, J.L.; Leach, D.N.: An agar dilution method for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils. J. Essent. Oil Res. 12(2), 249–255 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Sulayli, A.I.; Moustafa, M.F.; Eid, E.M.: Genetic variability, antimicrobial activity and natural water-soluble vitamins contents of five Acacia species growing in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan J. Agric. Sci., 56(1). (2019)

  66. Formisano, C.; Rigano, D.; Senatore, F.; Arnold, N.A.; Simmonds, M.S.; Rosselli, S.; Loziene, K.: Essential oils of three species of Scutellaria and their influence on Spodoptera littoralis. Biochem. Systemat. Ecol. 48, 206–210 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Gil, M.I.; Tomás-Barberán, F.A.; Hess-Pierce, B.; Holcroft, D.M.; Kader, A.A.: Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48(10), 4581–4589 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Tamokou, J.D.D.; Simo Mpetga, D.J.; Keilah Lunga, P.; Tene, M.; Tane, P.; Kuiate, J.R.: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract, fractions and compounds from stem bark of Albizia adianthifolia (Mimosoideae). BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12(1), 1–10 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Singh, B.; Dubey, M.M.: Estimation of triterpenoids from Heliotropium marifolium Koen. ex Retz. in vivo and in vitro. I. Antimicrobial screening. Phytother. Res.: Int. J. Devoted Pharmacol. Toxicol. Evaluat. Nat. Product Derivat. 15(3), 231–234 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Awolola, G.V.; Koorbanally, N.A.; Chenia, H.; Shode, F.O.; Baijnath, H.: Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of flavonoids and triterpenes isolated from the extracts of Ficus sansibarica Warb. Subsp. sansibarica (Moraceae) extracts. Afr. J. Traditional, Complement. Alternat. Med. 11(3), 124–131 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Rao, V. (ed.): Phytochemicals - A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health. BoD–Books on Demand (2012) https://doi.org/10.5772/1387

    Book  Google Scholar 

  72. Deljou, A.; Goudarzi, S.: Green extracellular synthesis of the silver nanoparticles using thermophilic Bacillus sp. AZ1 and its antimicrobial activity against several human pathogenetic bacteria. Iran. J. Biotechnol. 14(2), 25 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Vrancianu, C.O.; Gheorghe, I.; Czobor, I.B.; Chifiriuc, M.C.: Antibiotic resistance profiles, molecular mechanisms and innovative treatment strategies of Acinetobacter baumannii. Microorganisms 8(6), 935 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bioengineering Department, College of Chemicals and Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Ikrimah A. Alhanbali & Amjad B. Khalil

  2. Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Mazen K. Nazal

Authors
  1. Ikrimah A. Alhanbali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mazen K. Nazal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amjad B. Khalil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amjad B. Khalil.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alhanbali, I.A., Nazal, M.K. & Khalil, A.B. In-Vitro Antibacterial Screening of Punica granatum and Rhamnus sp. Extracts from Saudi Arabia. Arab J Sci Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-08936-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-08936-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation