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Comparative Analysis of Five Planar Monopole Antennas for LTE/C-V2X/5G/WiMAX Applications

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Abstract

This paper presents a comparative analysis of five various shapes of miniature planar monopole antennas with a partial ground plane for WiMAX, LTE, and sub-6 GHz 5G NR applications. With the same patch active area, all the antennas are designed at 3.4 GHz on a 1.524-mm-thick FR4 with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and 0.02 of loss tangent. The circular, elliptical, square, diamond, and heart shapes are various antenna structures investigated and discussed herein. A mathematical model, which predicts the resonant frequency of each antenna structure, is derived and presented. The modeling and simulation are carried out using the high-frequency structural simulator (HFSS), while the experimental validations have been done with the Rohde & Schwarz vector network analyzer ZVA50. The study yielded relatively attractive and interesting results highlighting the effect of a monopole antenna shape on its electromagnetic performance parameters. The five antennas are evaluated and compared, emphasizing reflection coefficient, impedance matching, bandwidth, radiation efficiency, bandwidth dimension ratio, and gain. All the antenna designs exhibit a minimum − 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 1.36 GHz, a reflection coefficient less than − 20 dB, and a radiation efficiency better than 75%. At their resonant frequencies, the heart shape yields better results as compared to other shapes. The results show a good agreement between experimental results and simulations. This validated the proposed mathematical models and design procedure.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge in advance the time and effort that reviewers will devote to improving the quality of this work through their comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departement of Electrical Engineering, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya

    Pierre Moukala Mpele

  2. National School of Polytechnic Studies, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

    Pierre Moukala Mpele

  3. Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory, Marien Ngouabi University, B.P 69, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

    Franck Moukanda Mbango

  4. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya

    Dominic B. O. Konditi

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  1. Pierre Moukala Mpele
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Moukala Mpele, P., Moukanda Mbango, F. & Konditi, D.B.O. Comparative Analysis of Five Planar Monopole Antennas for LTE/C-V2X/5G/WiMAX Applications. Arab J Sci Eng 48, 6841–6855 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07604-3

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