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Performance Analysis of Diverse-Source Interconnected Power System with Internal Model Controller in the Presence of EVs

  • Research Article-electrical Engineering
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Abstract

In recent years, the use of renewable energy in power systems has increased significantly. This affects the inertia of the system. Also, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources causes voltage and frequency fluctuations. This study suggests electric vehicles (EVs) as energy storage options for the diverse sources of an interconnected power system to resolve these issues. This paper also introduces the internal model control controller for load frequency control of an interconnected power system considering flexible AC transmission system and energy storage devices. The present study considers a two-area interconnected power system with thermal, hydro, and gas-generating units. The gain of the proposed controller is optimized using the particle swarm optimization technique. The advantages of the proposed controller have been highlighted by analyzing the results with conventional proportional–integral–derivative and proportional–integral–derivative with filter controller. The model includes superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), capacitive energy storage (CES), and redox flow batteries to support the voltage and frequency changes. A static synchronous series compensator compensates the tie-line. The performance of the SMES and CES units is compared with the proposed EVs used as energy storage units in this paper. The simulation results show that system performances improve significantly in the presence of the proposed energy storage unit. The behavior of the proposed controller is also analyzed under equal and unequal apf values. Finally, the sensitivity of the proposed controller is examined by varying the system parameters in a wide range.

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Abbreviations

∆E di :

Voltage variation across capacitor

∆f 1 & ∆f 2 :

Frequency deviation in area-1 and area-2

∆f ll :

Dead band lower limit

∆f lu :

Dead band upper limit

∆I d :

Change in current

∆I d0 :

Change in current before disturbance

∆P imax :

Primary reserve upper limit of EV

∆P imin :

Primary reserve lower limit of EV

∆P PCL :

Power of primary control loop

∆P ref :

Reference power

∆P tie :

Tie-line power deviation

apf:

Area participation factor

B i :

Frequency bias parameter of ith unit

c 1 & c 2 :

Acceleration coefficients

e(t):

Error signal

E d0 :

Capacitor voltage before disturbance

f best :

Best fitness function

G p(s):

System to be control

H p(s):

Model of the system to be control

I :

DC current flowing in the SMES coil

i = 1, 2, 3..:

Represents number of area

I 2 R :

Power loss across SMES coil

I d0 :

Capacitor current before disturbance

K :

Degree of compensation

K CES :

Gain of CES unit

K d :

Derivative gain of controller

K EV :

Gain of EV

K i :

Participation factor of ith unit

K i :

Integral gain of controller

K p :

Proportional gain of controller

K pmax, K imax & K dmax :

Maximum values of proportional, integral and derivative controller gain parameters

K pmin, K imin & K dmin :

Minimum values of proportional, integral and derivative controller gain parameters

K r :

Reset gain of RFB

K RFB :

Gain of RFB

K SMES :

Gain of SMES unit

K SSSC :

Gain of SSSC

L :

Inductance of SMES coil

N :

Derivative filter coefficient

P d0 :

Capacitor power before disturbance

P R :

Rated area capacity

Q(s):

Model-based controller

r 1 & r 2 :

Random numbers

R i :

Regulation parameter of ith unit

T o :

Synchronizing coefficient of tie-line

T 1 :

Droop time constant

T 2 :

Main servo time constant

T 3 :

Valve positioned constant

T 4 :

Speed governor lag time

T 5 :

Fuel time constant

T 6 :

Discharge volume time constant

T d :

Time delay constant of RFB

T H :

Hydraulic time constant

T P :

Power system time constant

T Q :

Combustion reaction time delay

T r :

Reset time constant of RFB

T R :

Speed governor rest time

t sim :

Simulation time

T SSSC :

Time constant of SSSC

T T :

Turbine time constant

T W :

Water time constant

U :

Input

V :

Voltage across SMES coil

V 1 :

Area-1 voltage

V 2 :

Area-2 voltage

V C :

Voltage across compensating capacitor

V L :

Voltage across tie-line inductor

X eff :

Net impedance of SSSC

Y :

Output

Y set :

Desired output

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, India

    Rakesh Rajan Shukla

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India

    Anup Kumar Panda

  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, MalaviyaNational Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India

    Man Mohan Garg

  4. Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India

    Debapriya Das

Authors
  1. Rakesh Rajan Shukla
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  2. Anup Kumar Panda
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rakesh Rajan Shukla.

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Power system data

T5

T51 = T52 = 0.23 s

PR

PR1 = PR2 = 2000 MW

T6

T61 = T62 = 0.2 s

fo

60 Hz

TQ

TQ1 = TQ2 = 0.3 s

R

R1 = R2 = 2.4 Hz/puMW

CES data

B

B1 = B2 = 0.425

C

1.0 F

KP

KP1 = KP2 = 120

R

100 Ω

TP

TP1 = TP2 = 20 s

TDC

0.05 s

Thermal unit data

KACE

70kA/unit MW

TH

TH1 = TH2 = 0.08 s

Kvd

0.1kA/kV

TT

TT1 = TT2 = 0.3 s

SMES data

Hydro unit data

L

2.65H

T1

T11 = T12 = 28.75 s

TDC

0.03 s

T2

T21 = T22 = 0.2 s

KSMES

100 kV/unit MW

TR

TR1 = TR2 = 5 s

Kid

0.2 kV/kA

TW

TW1 = TW2 = 1 s

RFB data

Gas unit data

TR

0 s

T3

T31 = T32 = 0.05 s

Td

0 s

T4

T41 = T42 = 1.1 s

KR

0

Tp

Tp1 = Tp2 = 0.6 s

KRFB

1.8

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Shukla, R.R., Panda, A.K., Garg, M.M. et al. Performance Analysis of Diverse-Source Interconnected Power System with Internal Model Controller in the Presence of EVs. Arab J Sci Eng 48, 14295–14312 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07527-5

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