Abstract
Bone char has been successfully prepared from ostrich bone waste (OBC) via the physical activation under the presents of N2 gas and then was characterized by different techniques. The utility of the mass transport (MT) model to simulate the breakthrough curves of mercury(II) in a packed-bed adsorption column was evaluated and compared with the mathematical models (Bed Depth Service Time (BDST), Adams–Bohart (AB), Thomas, Dose–Response (DR), and Yoon–Nelson (YN)) under diverse operating factors such as influent concentration (35, 75, and 150 mg L−1), inlet flow rate (5, 10, 15, and 20 mL min−1), pH (2, 5, 7, and 9), and bed depth (10 and 20 cm). Based on the modeling results, it was concluded that the MT model had the best accuracy (R2 = 99.31%, MRE = 0.745% and NRMSE = 6.15%), followed by Th, BDST, YN, DR, and AB. The sensitivity analysis showed that the simulated breakthrough curves were more sensitive to maximum adsorption capacity (qT) than axial dispersion coefficient (DL) and apparent equilibrium constant (k). All models overestimated the breakthrough curves (MRE > 0). OBC was able to eliminate the Hg(II) from the real samples (greywater and petrochemical wastewater), which indicated that the presence of organic compounds in wastewater had no effect on the mercury(II) adsorption efficiency. The overall results showed that the dissolution–precipitation process and ion-exchange reaction were involved in the adsorption of the mercury(II) by OBC.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of Data and Materials
Data cannot be made publicly available; readers should contact the corresponding author for details.
References
Eslamian, S.; Amiri, M.J.; Abedi-Koupai, J.; Karimi, S.S.: Reclamation of unconventional water using nano zero-valent iron particles: an application for groundwater. Int. J. Water 7, 1–13 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJW.2013.051975
Amiri, M.J.; Abedi-Koupai, J.; Eslamian, S.S.; Mousavi, S.F.; Arshadi, M.: Modelling Pb(II) adsorption based on synthetic and industrial wastewaters by ostrich bone char using artificial neural network and multivariate non-linear regression. Int. J. Hydrol. Sci. Technol. 3, 221–240 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHST.2013.058313
Alkurdi, S.S.A.; Al-Juboori, R.A.; Bundschuh, J.; Hamawand, I.: Bone char as a green sorbent for removing health threatening fluoride from drinking water. Environ. Int. 127, 704–719 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.065
Alkurdi, S.S.A.; Herath, I.; Bundschuh, J.; Al-Juboori, R.A.; Vithanage, M.; Mohan, D.: Biochar versus bone char for a sustainable inorganic arsenic mitigation in water: What needs to be done in future research? Environ. Int. 127, 52–69 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.012
Wang, M.; Liu, Y.; Yao, Y.; Han, L.; Liu, X.: Comparative evaluation of bone chars derived from bovine parts: physicochemical properties and copper sorption behavior. Sci. Total Environ. 700, 134470 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134470
Amiri, M.J.; Bahrami, M.; Dehkhodaie, F.: Optimization of Hg(II) adsorption on bio-apatite based materials using CCD-RSM design: characterization and mechanism studies. J. Water Health 17, 556–567 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.039
Hassan, S.S.; Awwad, N.S.; Aboterika, A.H.: Removal of mercury(II) from wastewater using camel bone charcoal. J. Hazard Mater. 154, 992–997 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.003
Yu, J.-G.; Yue, B.-Y.; Wu, X.-W.; Liu, Q.; Jiao, F.-P.; Jiang, X.-Y.; Chen, X.-Q.: Removal of mercury by adsorption: a review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23, 5056–5076 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5880-x
Harada, M.: Minamata disease: methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 25, 1–24 (1995). https://doi.org/10.3109/10408449509089885
The Council of the European Communities, Directive 98/83/EC of the Council of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption.
Lurtwitayapont, S.; Srisatit, T.: Comparison of lead removal by various types of swine bone adsorbents. Environ. Asia 3, 32–38 (2010)
Ghanizadeh, Gh.; Asgari, G.: Adsorption kinetics and isotherm of methylene blue and its removal from aqueous solution using bone charcoal. Reac Kinet Mech Cat. 102, 127–142 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-010-0247-2
Terasaka, S.; Kamitakahara, M.; Yokoi, T.; Ioku, K.: Effect of preparation temperature on the ability of bone char to remove fluoride ion and organic contaminants. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 122, 995–999 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.122.995
Park, J.H.; Cho, J.S.; Ok, Y.S.; Kim, S.H.; Kang, S.W.; Choi, I.W.; Heo, J.S.; DeLaune, R.D.; Seo, D.C.: Competitive adsorption and selectivity sequence of heavy metals by chicken bone-derived biochar: batch and column experiment. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 50, 1194–1204 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2015.1047680
Reynel-Avila, H.E.; Mendoza-Castillo, D.I.; Bonilla-Petriciolet, A.: Relevance of anionic dye properties on water decolorization performance using bone char: adsorption kinetics, isotherms and breakthrough curves. J. Mol. Liq. 219, 425–434 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.03.051
Amiri, M.J.; Abedi-Koupai, J.; Eslamian, S.S.; Arshadi, M.: Adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions from aqueous single metal solutions by using surfactant-modified ostrich bone waste. Desalin Water Treat. 57, 16522–16539 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1079253
Amiri, M.J.; Arshadi, M.; Giannakopoulos, E.; Kalavrouziotis, I.K.: Removal of mercury (II) and lead (II) from aqueous media by using a green adsorbent: kinetics, thermodynamic, and mechanism studies. J. Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste 22, 04017026 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000383
Bahrami, M.; Amiri, M.J.; Dehkhodaie, F.: Effect of different thermal activation on hydroxyapatite to eliminate mercury from aqueous solutions in continuous adsorption system. Int. J. Environ Anal. Chem. 101, 2150–2170 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1700237
Pan, X.; Wang, J.; Zhang, D.: Sorption of cobalt to bone char: kinetics, competitive sorption and mechanism. Desalination 249, 609–614 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.01.027
Ghanizadeh, G.; Asgari, G.; Mohammadi, A.M.S.; Ghaneian, M.T.: Kinetics and isotherm studies of hexavalent chromium adsorption from water using bone charcoal. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 21, 1296–1302 (2012)
Martins, J.I.; Órfão, J.J.M.; Soares, O.S.G.P.: Sorption of copper, nickel and cadmium on bone char. Protect Metal. Phys. Chem. Surf. 53, 618–627 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070205117040153
Alkurdi, S.S.A.; Al-Juboori, R.A.; Bundschuh, J.; Bowtelle, L.; McKnight, S.: Effect of pyrolysis conditions on bone char characterization and its ability for arsenic and fluoride removal. Environ. Pollut. 262, 114221 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114221
Amiri, M.J.; Abedi-koupai, J.; Eslamian, S.: Adsorption of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions by nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on ostrich bone ash in a fixed-bed column system. Water Sci. Technol. 76, 671–682 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.252
Hu, A.; Ren, G.; Che, J.; Guo, Y.; Ye, J.; Zhou, S.: Phosphate recovery with granular acid-activated neutralized red mud: fixed-bed column performance and breakthrough curve modelling. J. Environ. Sci. 90, 78–86 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.10.018
Bahrami, M.; Amiri, M.J.; Beigzadeh, B.: Adsorption of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using rice husk biochar, granular activated carbon, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a fixed bed column system. Water Sci. Technol. 78, 1812–1821 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.467
Tovar-Gomez, R.; Moreno-Virgen, M.R.; Dena-Aguilar, J.A.; Hernandez-Montoya, V.; Bonilla-Petriciolet, A.; Montes-Moran, M.A.: Modeling of fixed-bed adsorption of fluoride on bone char using a hybrid neural network approach. Chem. Eng. J. 228, 1098–1109 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.05.080
Amiri, M.J.; Roohi, R.; Arshadi, M.; Abbaspourrad, A.: 2,4-D adsorption from agricultural subsurface drainage by canola stalk-derived activated carbon: insight into the adsorption kinetics models under batch and column conditions. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 16983–16997 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08211-7
Amiri, M.J.; Roohi, R.; Gil, A.: Numerical simulation of Cd(II) removal by ostrich bone ash supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in a fixed-bed column system: utilization of unsteady advection-dispersion-adsorption equation. J. Water Process Eng. 25, 1–14 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.05.017
Masomi, M.; Ghoreyshi, A.A.; Najafpour, G.D.; Mohamed, A.R.B.: Dynamic adsorption of phenolic compounds on activated carbon produced from pulp and paper mill sludge: experimental study and modeling by artificial neural network (ANN). Desalin Water Treat. 55, 1453–1466 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.926834
Saadat, S.; Hekmatzadeh, A.A.; Karimi-Jashni, A.: Mathematical modeling of the Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions onto pre-treated rice husk in fixed-bed columns: a comparison. Desalin Water Treat. 57, 16907–16918 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1087877
Hekmatzadeh, A.A.; Karimi-Jashni, A.; Talebbeydokhti, N.; Kløve, B.: Modeling of nitrate removal for ion exchange resin in batch and fixed bed experiments. Desalination 284, 22–31 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.08.033
Amiri, M.J.; Khozaei, M.; Gil, A.: Modification of the Thomas model for predicting unsymmetrical breakthrough curves using an adaptive neural-based fuzzy inference system. J. Water Health 17, 25–36 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.210
Hosseini, S.M.; Kholghi, M.; Vagharfard, H.: Numerical and meta-modeling of nitrate transport reduced by nano-Fe/Cu particles in packed sand column. Transport Porous Med. 94, 149–174 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-012-9994-z
Cavas, L.; Karabay, Z.; Alyuruk, H.; Dogan, H.; Demir, G.K.: Thomas and artificial neural network models for the fixed-bed adsorption of methylene blue by a beach waste Posidonia oceanica (L.) dead leaves. Chem. Eng. J. 171, 557–562 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.04.030
Deokar, S.K.; Mandavgane, S.A.; Kulkarni, B.D.: Adsorptive removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solution using bagasse fly ash as adsorbent in batch and packed-bed techniques. Clean. Tech. Environ Policy 18, 1971–1983 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1124-0
Cruz-Olivares, J.; Pérez-Alonso, C.; Barrera-Díaz, C.; Ureña-Nuñez, F.; Chaparro-Mercado, M.C.; Bilyeu, B.: Modeling of lead (II) biosorption by residue of allspice in a fixed-bed column. Chem. Eng. J. 228, 21–27 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.101
Jang, S.H.; Min, B.G.; Jeong, Y.G.; Lyoo, W.S.; Lee, S.C.: Removal of lead ions in aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite/polyurethane composite foams. J. Hazard Mater. 152, 1285–1292 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.003
IUPAC. Manual of symbols and terminology. Pure Appl Chem 31, 587 (1972).
Wang, Y.-Y.; Liu, Y.-X.; Lu, H.-H.; Yang, R.-Q.; Yang, S.-M.: Competitive adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions onto hydroxyapatite-biochar nanocomposite in aqueous solutions. J. Solid State Chem. 261, 53–61 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2018.02.010
Rojas-Mayorga, C.K.; Bonilla-Petriciolet, A.; Aguayo-Villareal, I.A.; Hernández-Montoya, V.; Moreno-Virgen, M.R.; Tovar-Gómez, R.; Montes-Morán, M.A.: Optimization of pyrolysis conditions and adsorption properties of bone char for fluoride removal from water. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 104, 10–18 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.09.018
Rojas-Mayorga, C.K.; Bonilla-Petriciolet, A.; Silvestre-Albero, J.; Aguayo-Villarreal, I.A.; Mendoza-Castillo, D.I.: Physico-chemical characterization of metal-doped bone chars and their adsorption behavior for water defluoridation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 355, 748–760 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.163
Amiri, M.J.; Faraji, A.; Azizi, M.; Goudarzi Nejad, B.; Arshadi, M.: Recycling bone waste and cobalt-wastewater into a highly stable and efficient activator of peroxymonosulfate for dye and HEPES degradation. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 147, 626–641 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.12.039
Anbia, M.; Amirmahmoodi, S.: Removal of Hg (II) and Mn (II) from aqueous solution using nanoporous carbon impregnated with surfactants. Arab. J. Chem 9, S319–S325 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.04.004
Gupta, A.; Vidyarthi, S.R.; Sankararamakrishnan, N.: Enhanced sorption of mercury from compact fluorescent bulbs and contaminated water streams using functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J Hazard Mater. 274, 132–144 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.020
Rahmi, R.; Fathurrahmi, F.; Lelifajri, L.; PurnamaWati, F.: Preparation of magnetic chitosan using local iron sand for mercury removal. Heliyon 5, e01731 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01731
Kamyabi, M.A.; Kazemi, D.; Bikas, R.; Soleymani-Bonoti, F.: Investigation of the Hg(II) biosorption from wastewater by using garlic plant and differential pulse voltammetry. Anal. Biochem. 627, 114263 (2021)
Shukla, S.R.; Sakhardande, V.D.: Column studies on metal ion removal by dyed cellulosic materials. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 44, 903–910 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070440518
Goel, J.; Kadirvelu, K.; Rajagopal, C.: Mercury (II) removal from water by coconut shell based activated carbon: Batch and column studies. Environ. Technol. 25, 141–153 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330409355447
Tan, G.; Sun, W.; Xu, Y.; Wang, H.; Xu, N.: Sorption of mercury (II) and atrazine by biochar, modified biochars and biochar based activated carbon in aqueous solution. Biores. Technol. 211, 727–735 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.147
Giraldo, S.; Robles, I.; Ramirez, A.; Florez, E.; Acelas, N.: Mercury removal from wastewater using agroindustrial waste adsorbents. SN Appl. Sci. 2, 1029 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2736-x
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Fasa University for the supporting of this work.
Funding
No funding has been received for this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Dr. Amiri conceived of the presented idea. Dr. Amiri and Mr. Nekouee carried out the experiment. Dr. Amiri and Dr. Bahrami developed the theory and performed the computations. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
We verify that we have seen and have approved the submitted manuscript. Our manuscript does not report on or involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue.
Consent for Publication
None.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Amiri, M.J., Bahrami, M. & Nekouee, N. Analysis of Breakthrough Curve Performance Using Theoretical and Empirical Models: Hg2+ Removal by Bone Char from Synthetic and Real Water. Arab J Sci Eng 48, 8737–8751 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07432-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07432-x