Abstract
The unrelenting growth of present-day urbanization and its consequent burden on the utility grid, and insufficient conventional energy sources encourage demand-side energy management. This needs the deployment of local microgrids that uses renewable/alternative energy sources. Also, the present-day urban scenario is equipped with a combination of heterogeneous buildings (with different generation and load profiles) formed as community microgrids. So, there is a possibility of energy sharing among these buildings to cater for their electricity needs instead of depending on the utility grid all the time, thereby can reduce the utility grid burden. However, the interoperations of such microgrids require an effective architecture, which involves a three-layer (electrical, communication, and information technology (IT)) operation. Further, each of these layers has specific challenges to be addressed. So, a continuous evolution of architecture is highly desired to fruitfully address various operational issues for the establishment of interoperable smart microgrids. In this view, this paper proposes an Internet of Things-based communication architecture for developing interoperable microgrids in a locality. To effectively use the available energy sources, an energy management scheme is proposed, which can provide energy sharing among the microgrids. Further, switchport security aspects are studied and realized a three-mode security mechanism to identify and isolate unauthorised users in the network. The implementation of the proposed architecture is done using Cisco Packet Tracer by considering a case study. From the results, it is observed that the proposed architecture fruitfully established a security-enabled energy management system that can help for the growth of interoperable smart microgrids.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- MGi :
-
ith Microgrid (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
- P ESi :
-
Power generated by ith MG (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
- PLi :
-
Power consumed by the load of ith MG (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
- Li :
-
Load in ith MG (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
- P eESi :
-
Excess power capacity in ith MG (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
- P UG :
-
Power from the utility grid
References
Smaoui, M.; Abdelkafi, A.; Krichen, L.: Optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic/wind/hydrogen hybrid system supplying a desalination unit. Sol. Energy. 120, 263–276 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.07.032
Kumar, Y.V.P.; Ravikumar, B.: Integrating Renewable Energy Sources to an Urban Building in India: Challenges, Opportunities, and Techno-Economic Feasibility Simulation. Technol. Econ. Smart Grids Sustain. Energy. 1, 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40866-015-0001-y
Kumar, Y.V.P., Bhimasingu, R.: Improving resiliency in renewable energy based green microgrids using virtual synchronous machines controlled inverter. In: 2015 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT ASIA). pp. 1–6. IEEE (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2015.7387178.
Kandaperumal, G.; Srivastava, A.K.: Resilience of the electric distribution systems: concepts, classification, assessment, challenges, and research needs. IET Smart Grid. 3, 133–143 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2019.0176
Abhinav, S.; Modares, H.; Lewis, F.L.; Davoudi, A.: Resilient Cooperative Control of DC Microgrids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 10, 1083–1085 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2872252
Parhizi, S.; Lotfi, H.; Khodaei, A.; Bahramirad, S.: State of the Art in Research on Microgrids: A Review. IEEE Access. 3, 890–925 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2443119
Pavan Kumar, Y.V.; Bhimasingu, R.: Review and retrofitted architectures to form reliable smart microgrid networks for urban buildings. IET Networks. 4, 338–349 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-net.2015.0023
V. Pavan Kumar, Y., Bhimasingu, R.: Electrical machines based DC/AC energy conversion schemes for the improvement of power quality and resiliency in renewable energy microgrids. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 90, 10–26 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.01.015.
Abera, F.Z.; Khedkar, V.: Machine Learning Approach Electric Appliance Consumption and Peak Demand Forecasting of Residential Customers Using Smart Meter Data. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 111, 65–82 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06845-6
Ebrahimi, J., Abedini, M., Rezaei, M.M.: Optimal scheduling of distributed generations in microgrids for reducing system peak load based on load shifting. Sustain. Energy, Grids Networks. 23, 100368 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2020.100368.
Xu, H., Huang, H., Khalid, R.S., Yu, H.: Distributed machine learning based smart-grid energy management with occupant cognition. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm). pp. 491–496. IEEE (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2016.7778809.
Chojecki, A.; Rodak, M.; Ambroziak, A.; Borkowski, P.: Energy management system for residential buildings based on fuzzy logic: design and implementation in smart-meter. IET Smart Grid. 3, 254–266 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2019.0005
Rao, B.H.; Arun, S.L.; Selvan, M.P.: Framework of locality electricity trading system for profitable peer-to-peer power transaction in locality electricity market. IET Smart Grid. 3, 318–330 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2019.0131
Ahmadi, F.; Akrami, A.; Doostizadeh, M.; Aminifar, F.: Energy pricing and demand scheduling in retail market: how microgrids’ integration affects the market. IET Smart Grid. 3, 309–317 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2019.0195
Pavan Kumar, Y.V.; Bhimasingu, R.: Renewable energy based microgrid system sizing and energy management for green buildings. J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy. 3, 1–13 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40565-015-0101-7
Li, Z.; Shahidehpour, M.; Liu, X.: Cyber-secure decentralized energy management for IoT-enabled active distribution networks. J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy. 6, 900–917 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40565-018-0425-1
Rana, M.M., Li, L.: Renewable microgrid state estimation using the Internet of Things communication network. In: 2017 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). pp. 823–829. IEEE (2017). https://doi.org/10.23919/ICACT.2017.7890232.
Harmon, E.; Ozgur, U.; Cintuglu, M.H.; de Azevedo, R.; Akkaya, K.; Mohammed, O.A.: The Internet of Microgrids: A Cloud-Based Framework for Wide Area Networked Microgrids. IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics. 14, 1262–1274 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2017.2785317
Minoli, D.; Sohraby, K.; Occhiogrosso, B.: IoT Considerations, Requirements, and Architectures for Smart Buildings—Energy Optimization and Next-Generation Building Management Systems. IEEE Internet Things J. 4, 269–283 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2647881
Wu, Y.; Wu, Y.; Guerrero, J.; Vasquez, J.; Palacios-García, E.; Guan, Y.: IoT-enabled Microgrid for Intelligent Energy-aware Buildings: A Novel Hierarchical Self-consumption Scheme with Renewables. Electronics 9, 550 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040550
Saleem, Y.; Crespi, N.; Rehmani, M.H.; Copeland, R.: Internet of Things-Aided Smart Grid: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, Prototypes, and Future Research Directions. IEEE Access. 7, 62962–63003 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2913984
Kabalci, Y.; Kabalci, E.; Padmanaban, S.; Holm-Nielsen, J.B.; Blaabjerg, F.: Internet of Things Applications as Energy Internet in Smart Grids and Smart Environments. Electronics 8, 972 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8090972
Bhalerao, P.O.: Communication system design and simulation for future micro grids in NS2. In: 2016 International Conference on Automatic Control and Dynamic Optimization Techniques (ICACDOT). pp. 688–690. IEEE (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACDOT.2016.7877674.
Dumitrache, C.G., Predusca, G., Circiumarescu, L.D., Angelescu, N., Puchianu, D.C.: Comparative study of RIP, OSPF and EIGRP protocols using Cisco Packet Tracer. In: 2017 5th International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ISEEE). pp. 1–6. IEEE (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEEE.2017.8170694.
Trabelsi, Z., Saleous, H.: Exploring the Opportunities of Cisco Packet Tracer For Hands-on Security Courses on Firewalls. In: 2019 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). pp. 411–418. IEEE (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2019.8725112.
Yaqub, U.; Al-Nasser, A.; Sheltami, T.: Implementation of a hybrid wind-solar desalination plant from an Internet of Things (IoT) perspective on a network simulation tool. Appl. Comput. Informatics. 15, 7–11 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aci.2018.03.001
Nalini, J., Sankar, P.G., Ganeshbabu, D.: Optimized router to avoid packet drop function. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Technologies and Management for Computing, Communication, Controls, Energy and Materials (ICSTM). pp. 377–381. IEEE (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSTM.2017.8089188.
Khan, A.R., Bilal, S.M., Othman, M.: A performance comparison of open source network simulators for wireless networks. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering. pp. 34–38. IEEE (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSCE.2012.6487111.
Marzal, S.; Salas-Puente, R.; Gonzalez-Medina, R.; Garcera, G.; Figueres, E.: Efficient Event Notification Middleware for Smart Microgrids Over P2P Networks. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 10, 4589–4602 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2865432
Tenti, P., Caldognetto, T.: Optimal control of Local Area Energy Networks (E-LAN). Sustain. Energy, Grids Networks. 14, 12–24 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2018.03.002.
Thale, S.S.; Agarwal, V.: Controller Area Network Assisted Grid Synchronization of a Microgrid With Renewable Energy Sources and Storage. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 7, 1442–1452 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2453157
Horalek, J., Sobeslav, V., Krejcar, O., Balik, L.: Communications and Security Aspects of Smart Grid Networks Design. In: International Conference on Information and Software Technologies (ICIST 2014). pp. 35–46. Springer (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11958-8_4.
Pandit, V., Li, H., Gottumukkala, V.P.V., Agrawal, D.P.: APCAPT: Asymmetric power control against packet tracer attacks for base station location anonymity. In: 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS 2012). pp. 1–6. IEEE (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/MASS.2012.6708506.
Reddy, G.P., Pavan Kumar, Y. V.: Smart Grid Communication and Networking: Review of Standards. In: 2021 International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Electricity (ICATE). pp. 1–6. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICATE49685.2021.9465005.
Kalalas, C.; Thrybom, L.; Alonso-Zarate, J.: Cellular Communications for Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Networks: A Survey. IEEE Access. 4, 1469–1493 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2551978
Serban, I.; Cespedes, S.; Marinescu, C.; Azurdia-Meza, C.A.; Gomez, J.S.; Hueichapan, D.S.: Communication Requirements in Microgrids: A Practical Survey. IEEE Access. 8, 47694–47712 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2977928
Ali, I., Hussain, S.: Communication Design for Energy Management Automation in Microgrid. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 1–1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2606131.
Reddy, G.P., Kumar, Y.V.P.: Retrofitted IoT Based Communication Network with Hot Standby Router Protocol and Advanced Features for Smart Buildings. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 11, 1354–1369 (2021). https://www.ijrer.org/ijrer/index.php/ijrer/article/view/12222.
Kounev, V.; Tipper, D.; Yavuz, A.A.; Grainger, B.M.; Reed, G.F.: A Secure Communication Architecture for Distributed Microgrid Control. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 6, 2484–2492 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2424160
Alladi, T.; Chamola, V.; Rodrigues, J.J.P.C.; Kozlov, S.A.: Blockchain in Smart Grids: A Review on Different Use Cases. Sensors. 19, 4862 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224862
Mengelkamp, E.; Notheisen, B.; Beer, C.; Dauer, D.; Weinhardt, C.: A blockchain-based smart grid: towards sustainable local energy markets. Comput. Sci. - Res. Dev. 33, 207–214 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0360-9
Lakshmi, G., Thiyagarajan, G.: Decentralized Energy To Power Rural Homes Through Smart Contracts And Carbon Credit. In: 2021 7th International Conference on Electrical Energy Systems (ICEES). pp. 280–283. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEES51510.2021.9383683.
Suciu, G., Sachian, M.-A., Dobrea, M., Istrate, C.-I., Petrache, A.L., Vulpe, A., Vochin, M.: Securing the Smart Grid: A Blockchain-based Secure Smart Energy System. In: 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). pp. 1–5. IEEE (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2019.8893484.
Mollah, M.B.; Zhao, J.; Niyato, D.; Lam, K.-Y.; Zhang, X.; Ghias, A.M.Y.M.; Koh, L.H.; Yang, L.: Blockchain for future smart grid: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Internet Things J. 8, 18–43 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.2993601
Liu, Q., Michael Kamoto, K., Liu, X.: Microgrids-as-a-service for rural electrification in sub-saharan Africa. Comput. Mater. Contin. 63, 1249–1261 (2020). https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2020.05598
Liu, W., He, J., Li, M., Jin, R., Hu, Ji.,Zhang, Z.: An efficient supervised energy disaggregation scheme for power service in smart grid. Intell. Autom. Soft Comput. 25, 585–594 (2019). https://doi.org/10.31209/2019.100000113
Naim, K., Khelifa, B., Fateh, B.: A cryptographic-based approach for electricity theft detection in smart grid. Comput. Mater. Contin. 62, 97–117 (2020). https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2020.09391
Bi, W., Yu, F., Cao, N., Huo, W., Cao, G., Han, X., Sun, L., Higgs, R.: Research on Data extraction and analysis of software defect in IoT communication software. Comput. Mater. Contin. 65, 1837–1854 (2020). https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2020.010420
Wang, J.; Yang, Y.; Wang, T.; Sherratt, R.S.; Zhang, J.: Big Data service architecture: a survey. J. Internet Technol. 21, 393–406 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3966/160792642020032102008
Amin, A., Liu, X.-H., Khan, I., Uthansaku, P., Forsat, M., Sajad Mirjavadi, S.: A robust resource allocation scheme for device-to-device communications based on Q-learning. Comput. Mater. Contin. 65, 1487–1505 (2020). https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2020.011749.
Zhang, J.; Zhong, S.; Wang, T.; Chao, H.C.; Wang, J.: Blockchain-based systems and applications: a survey. J. Internet Technol. 21, 1–14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3966/160792642020012101001
Wei, Y., Qu, Y., Zhao, M., Zhang, L., Richard Yu, F.: Resource allocation and power control policy for device-to-device communication using multi-agent reinforcement learning. Comput. Mater. Contin. 63, 1515–1532 (2020). https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2020.09130
Dinh, H.U.Y.T.; Yun, J.; Kim, D.M.I.N.; Lee, K.; Kim, D.: A home energy management system with renewable energy and energy storage utilizing main grid and electricity selling. IEEE Access. 8, 49436–49450 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2979189
Nkosi, N., Roux, P. Le, Nnachi, G., Okojie, D.: Smart energy management in buildings using Matlab simulink. In: 2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica, pp.1–5. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/PowerAfrica52236.2021.9543242.
Funding
This work was supported by Project Grant No: SRG/2019/000648, sponsored by the Start-up Research Grant (SRG) scheme of Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), a statutory body under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of INDIA.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
GPR contributed to conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, software, validation, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. YVPK contributed to conceptualization, investigation, methodology, supervision, resources, validation, visualization, writing—review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
Not applicable.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pradeep Reddy, G., Pavan Kumar, Y.V. Internet of Things Based Communication Architecture for Switchport Security and Energy Management in Interoperable Smart Microgrids. Arab J Sci Eng 48, 5809–5827 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07056-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07056-1