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An Alternate Method for Prediction and Analysis of Notch Characteristics in Indoor Power Lines Under Varied Channel Conditions

  • Research Article - Electrical Engineering
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Abstract

One of the challenges faced by indoor power line communication systems is the frequency-selective channels that are time varying and dependent on a large number of variabilities. A probable solution is to extract as much determinism as possible through prediction and statistical analysis of the frequency-selective notches. However, such deterministic tools are available only for simple open- and short-circuit branches and not for complex loads and topologies. This paper proposes an alternate method to predict and analyze notches using a minimum of four parameters without evaluating the transfer function. Termed as the load frequency mapping, the method is applicable for any frequency-dependent time-invariant loads and topologies and also capable of performing statistical analysis of random channels. A high decrease in prediction error (99.46–93.63%) is found for all the channels analyzed. Statistical analysis of 26 power line cables using random loads shows that some cables and loads offer more variations in frequency selectivity than others. For capacitive loads, the variation is more for the low-frequency notches and for those modeled as parallel resonant circuits at the frequencies near the resonance. Maximum variation is found for cables with high characteristic impedance with loads having high resonant frequencies and low quality factor and least for inductive loads. The power line therefore has considerable amount of determinism, and this can be incorporated to complement for fading channels or analysis of variability optimized for dual purpose of power delivery and data transfer.

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Abbreviations

BPLC:

Broadband PLC

BW:

Bandwidth

CWB:

Coherence bandwidth

DMT:

Discrete multitone modulation

DB:

Derivation box

EMC:

Electromagnetic compatibility

FDL:

Frequency-dependent load

HAN:

Home area network

HAP:

House access point

HV:

High voltage

IMC:

Imaginary characteristics

IA:

Input admittance

ISI:

Inter symbol interference

IED:

Intelligence electronic device

IR:

Impulse response

LFC:

Load frequency curve

LFM:

Load frequency mapping

LPTV:

Linear periodic time variant

LV:

Low voltage

MTL:

Multi-conductor line

MV:

Medium voltage

NB-PLC:

Narrowband PLC

PL:

Power line

PLC:

Power line communication

RMS-DS:

Root mean square delay spread

SG:

Smart grid

SP:

Service panel

TEM:

Transverse electromagnetic

TF:

Transfer function

TL:

Transmission line

C :

Capacitance/length

L :

Inductance/length

\(Z_{0}\) :

Characteristics impedance

\(Z(\omega )/Z(\omega ,t)\) :

Time-variant load

R :

Resistance

\(\omega \) :

Angular frequency

\(\omega _{0}\) :

Resonant angular frequency

\(f_{0}\) :

Resonant frequency

Q :

Quality factor

\(\varphi \) :

Phase term in time-dependent load

\(Z_{\mathrm{A}}\) :

Offset impedance

\(Z_{\mathrm{B}}\) :

Amplitude of variation

H(f):

Transfer function

\(N^{\prime }\) :

Number of paths

\(g_{i} \) :

Complex number

T :

Time period

F :

Frequency

\(\tau _{i}\) :

Path delay

\(\alpha (f)\) :

Attenuation coefficient

\(d_{i}\) :

Path length

A, B, C, D:

ABCD matrices

\(Z_{\mathrm{L}} \) :

Load impedance

\(Z_{\mathrm{S}}\) :

Source impedance

\(f_k^{\mathrm{open}}\) :

Open-circuit notch frequency

\(f_k^{\mathrm{short}}\) :

Short-circuit notch frequency

\(v_\mathrm{p}\) :

Phase velocity

\(l_{\mathrm{br}}\) :

Branch length

\(Z_{\mathrm{in}}\) :

Input impedance

\(Z_{\mathrm{br}}\) :

Load in branch

\(\gamma \) :

Propagation constant

y :

Imaginary load

x :

Real component of the load

\(Y_{\mathrm{in}}\) :

Input admittance

\(f_1^{\mathrm{open}}\) :

First open-circuit notch frequency

w :

Roll-off

a :

Constant

\(R^2\) :

Regression value

\(F_{i}(y)\) :

Notch frequency

C1–C26:

Cables 1 to 26

\(\hbox {Im} \left\{ Z_{\mathrm{br}}(f)\right\} \) :

Imaginary characteristics of load

\(\Delta f\) :

Deviation of frequency

\(Y^{N}_{IN{\text {-}}STAR}\) :

IA (Star)

\(Z^{N}_{\mathrm{total}}\) :

Total impedance at node n

\(Y_{\mathrm{open}}\) :

IA of open branch

\(Y^{N}_{IN{\text {-}}BUS}\) :

IA (Bus)

\(Y_{N-1}\) :

IA of qp

\(y_{N-1}\) :

IA of qn

\(Y_{\mathrm{open}\_N-1}\) :

IA of mq

\(y^{2}_{IN{\text {-}}STAR}\) :

IA of Star (2 branches)

\(y^{3}_{IN{\text {-}}STAR}\) :

IA of Star (3 branches)

\(y^{8}_{IN{\text {-}}STAR}\) :

IA of Star (8 branches)

\(y^{1}_{IN{\text {-}}BUS}\) :

IA of Bus (1 branch)

\(y^{2}_{IN{\text {-}}BUS}\) :

IA of Bus (2 branches)

\(y^{6}_{IN{\text {-}}BUS}\) :

IA of Bus (6 branches)

L :

Inductive load

C :

Capacitive load

\(\hbox {RLC}_{1}\) :

RLC load (experimental)

\(\hbox {RLC}_{2}\) :

RLC load (experimental)

\(\hbox {RLC}_{3}\) :

RLC load (experimental)

\(\mu \) :

Mean of notches

\(\sigma \) :

Standard deviation of notch

\(\mu _{\mathrm{p}}\) :

Mean of predicted notches

\(\sigma _{\mathrm{p}}\) :

Standard deviation of predicted notches

\(\mu _{\mathrm{a}}\) :

Mean of actual notch

\(\sigma _{\mathrm{a}}\) :

Standard deviation of actual notch

\(\mu _{\Delta f}\) :

Mean of \(\Delta f\)

\(\sigma _{\Delta f}\) :

Standard deviation of \(\Delta f\)

RLC1:

RLC load

RLC2:

RLC load

RLC3:

RLC load

RLC4:

RLC Load

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Gauhati University, Guwahati 14, Assam, India

    Rubi Baishya & Banty Tiru

  2. Department of Instrumentation, USIC, Gauhati University, Guwahati 14, Assam, India

    Utpal Sarma

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  1. Rubi Baishya
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  2. Banty Tiru
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  3. Utpal Sarma
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Correspondence to Banty Tiru.

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Baishya, R., Tiru, B. & Sarma, U. An Alternate Method for Prediction and Analysis of Notch Characteristics in Indoor Power Lines Under Varied Channel Conditions. Arab J Sci Eng 45, 1531–1552 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04052-w

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