Abstract
The emergence of the Internet of Things has led to the evolution of conventional Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) toward a new paradigm called the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). This latter has recently received the attention of many researchers. In order to overcome the different challenges, such as high mobility, the number of connected vehicles and the big data, clustering, as an important technique used in a VANET, has significantly improved the performance of numerous applications. In this regard, the present work proposes a new heuristic clustering algorithm based on RSU called HCAR for IoV, which entails the centralization of a clustering algorithm at distributed RSUs. This latter is responsible for performing the cluster formation phase based on a simple heuristic algorithm, using graph theory concepts, such as node degree and adjacency matrix. In addition, HCAR uses a new mechanism to recover the problem of the unavailability of cluster head (CH), through the election of a secondary CH using a weighted mechanism. Moreover, HCAR takes care of the maintenance phase to keep clusters’ stability and structure. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is proven theoretically, and the simulation results, in the NS-2 and VanetMobiSim integrated environment, show its performance advantages.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yang, F.; Li, J.; Lei, T.; Wang, S.: Architecture and key technologies for internet of vehicles: a survey. J. Commun. Inf. Netw. 2(2), 1–17 (2017)
Wu, H.; Tang, H.; Dong, L.: A novel routing protocol based on mobile social networks and Internet of Vehicles. In: Hsu, R.C.-H., Wang, S. (eds.) Internet of Vehicles Technologies and Services, pp. 1–10. Springer, Cham (2014)
Senouci, O.; Aliouat, Z.; Harous, S.: A review of routing protocols in internet of vehicles and their challenges. Sens. Rev. 39(1), 58–70 (2019)
Aissaoui, R.; Dhraief, A.; Belghith, A.; Menouar, H.; Mathkour, H.; Abu-Dayya, A.: HCBLS: a hierarchical cluster-based location service in urban environment. Mob. Inf. Syst. 2015, 1–16 (2015)
Ren, M.; Khoukhi, L.; Labiodt, H.; Zhangt, J.; Veque, V.: A mobility-based scheme for dynamic clustering in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Veh. Commun. 9, 233–241 (2017)
Chen, Y.; Fang, M.; Shi, S.; Guo, W.; Zheng, X.: Distributed multi-hop clustering algorithm for VANETs based on neighborhood follow. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2015(1), 1–12 (2015)
Ahwazi, A.Z.; NooriMehr, M.: MOSIC: mobility-aware single-hop clustering scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks on highways. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 7(9), 424–431 (2016)
Azizian, M.; Cherkaoui, S.; Hafid, A. S.: A distributed D-hop cluster formation for VANET. In: 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 1–6, April (2016)
Wang, Z.; Liu, L.; Zhou, M.; Ansari, N.: A position-based clustering technique for ad hoc intervehicle communication. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C (Appl. Rev.) 38(2), 201–208 (2008)
Liu, H.Q.; Yang, L.C.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, L.: A position sensitive clustering algorithm for VANET. Int. J. Online Eng. 10(1), 14–21 (2014)
Souza, E.; Nikolaidis, I.; Gburzynski, P.: A new aggregate local mobility (ALM) clustering algorithm for VANETs. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 1–5. IEEE, May (2010)
Mohammed-Nasr, M.; Abdelgader, A.; Wang, Z.; Shen, L.: Vanet clustering based routing protocol suitable for deserts. Sensors 16(4), 478–500 (2016)
Aadil, F.; Bajwal, K.; Khan, S.; Chaudry, N.; Akram, F.: CACONET: Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based clustering algorithm for VANET. PLoS ONE 11(5), 1–23 (2016)
Xie, J.; Li, C.: Weight clustering based TDMA-MAC scheme in VANET. Automatika 57(1), 252–260 (2016)
Hadded, M.; Muhlethaler, P.; Laouiti, A.; Azzouz Saidane, L.: A novel angle-based clustering algorithm for vehicular ad hoc networks. In: Laouiti, A., Qayyum, A., Mohamad Saad, M.N. (eds.) Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks for Smart Cities, pp. 27–38. Springer, Singapore (2017)
Singh, J. P.; Bali, R. S.: A hybrid backbone based clustering algorithm for vehicular ad-hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies, pp. 1005–1013, December, Kochi, India (2014)
Liang, B.; Haas, Z. J.: Predictive distance-based mobility management for PCS networks. In: IEEE INFOCOM 99. Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. The Future is Now (Cat. No. 99CH36320), vol. 3, pp. 1377–1384. IEEE, March (1999)
Goonewardene, R.; Stipidis, A.: Robust mobility adaptive clustering scheme with support for geographic routing for vehicular ad hoc networks. IET Intell. Transport Syst. 3(2), 148–158 (2009)
Abboud, K.; Zhuang, W.: Stochastic modeling of single-hop cluster stability in vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65(1), 226–240 (2016)
Caballero-Gil, C.; Caballero-Gil, P.; Molina-Gil, J.: Self-organized clustering architecture for vehicular ad hoc networks. Int. J. Distrib. Sensor Netw. 11(8), 1–12 (2015)
Chen, Q.; Ma, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, D.; Ni, L.M.: An energy-efficient K-hop clustering framework for wireless sensor networks. In: Langendoen, K., Voigt, T. (eds.) Wireless Sensor Networks, pp. 17–33. Springer, Berlin (2007)
Ucar, S.; Ergen, S.C.; Ozkasap, O.: VMaSC: vehicular multi-hop algorithm for stable clustering in vehicular ad hoc networks. In: 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 2381–2386, April (2013)
Ucar, S.; Ergen, S.C.; Ozkasap, O.: Multihop-cluster based IEEE 802.11p and LTE hybrid architecture for VANET safety message dissemination. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65, 2621–2636 (2016)
Staples, G.: A new adjacency matrix for finite graphs. Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebras 38(3), 979–991 (2008)
Maglaras, C.; Al-Bayatti, A.; He, Y.; Wagner, I.: Social internet of vehicles for smart cities. J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 5(1), 1–22 (2016)
Mezher, A.M.; Oltra, J.J.; Aguiar, L.U.; Paredes, C.I.; Barba, C.T.; Igartua, M.A.: Realistic environment for VANET simulations to detect the presence of obstacles in vehicular ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, 38; Ubiquitous Networks, PEWASUN 14, pp. 77–84, ACM, New York, NY (2014)
Medani, K.; Aliouat, M.; Aliouat, Z.: Fault tolerant time synchronization using offsets table robust broadcasting protocol for vehicular ad hoc. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 81, 192–204 (2017)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Senouci, O., Harous, S. & Aliouat, Z. A New Heuristic Clustering Algorithm Based on RSU for Internet of Vehicles. Arab J Sci Eng 44, 9735–9753 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-03854-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-03854-2