Abstract
In this study, nonlinear static pushover analysis was performed to compare the effectiveness of different carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRP) rehabilitation schemes for existing masonry-infilled RC frames. A three-bay five-storey reinforced concrete (RC) frame with masonry infill walls designed according to previous building codes was modelled as a representative of existing low-rise RC frames. The earthquake retrofitting effects of twelve CFRP strengthening schemes were compared in terms of the global pushover curve, maximum load capacity, maximum interstorey drift ratio (IDR), plastification in the frames, and maximum energy dissipation capacity. The results indicate that the improper selection of a retrofitting scheme is likely to result in the change of the soft storey location, which would cause unexpected damage to structures. The CFRP rehabilitation of both columns and infills for the bottom three floors or more leads to a significant increase in maximum load, maximum IDR, maximum energy, and maximum number of plastic hinges in the frames.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mehrabi, A.; Shing, P.B.; Schuller, M.; Noland, J.: Performance of masonry-infilled R/C frames under in-plane lateral loads. Report CU/SR-94/6. Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder (1994)
Dolsek, M.; Fajfar, P.: Soft storey effects in uniformly infilled reinforced concrete frames. J. Earthq. Eng. 5(1), 1–12 (2001)
Verderame, G.M.; De Luca, F.; Ricci, P.; Manfredi, G.: Preliminary analysis of a soft-storey mechanism after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Earthq. Eng. Struct. D 40(8), 925–944 (2011)
Correnza, J.C.; Hutchinson, G.L.; Chandler, A.M.: Effect of transverse load-resisting elements on inelastic earthquake response of eccentric-plan buildings. Earthq. Eng. Struct. D 23(1), 75–89 (1994)
De Stefano, M.; Faella, G.; Ramasco, R.: Inelastic seismic response of one-way plan-asymmetric systems under bi-directional ground motions. Earthq. Eng. Struct. D 27(4), 363–376 (1998)
Cagatay, I.H.; Beklen, C.; Mosalam, K.M.: Investigation of short column effect of RC buildings failure and prevention. Comput. Concrete 7(6), 523–532 (2010)
Bikce, M.: How to reduce short column effects in buildings with reinforced concrete infill walls on basement floors. Struct. Eng. Mech. 38(2), 249–259 (2011)
Güneyisi, E.M.; Muhyaddin, G.F.: Comparative response assessment of different frames with diagonal bracings under lateral loading. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 39(5), 3545–3558 (2014)
Güneyisi, E.M.; Azez, I.: Seismic upgrading of structures with different retrofitting methods. Earthq. Struct. 10(3), 589–611 (2016)
Guneyisi, E.M.; Tunca, O.; Azez, I.: Nonlinear dynamic response of reinforced concrete building retrofitted with buckling restrained braces. Earthq. Struct. 8(6), 1349–1362 (2015)
Özel, A.E.; Güneyisi, E.M.: Effects of eccentric steel bracing systems on seismic fragility curves of mid-rise R/C buildings: a case study. Struct. Saf. 33(1), 82–95 (2011)
Kim, S.H.; Shinozuka, M.: Development of fragility curves of bridges retrofitted by column jacketing. Probab. Eng. Mech. 19(1–2), 105–112 (2004)
Tavakoli, H.R.; Naghavi, F.; Goltabar, A.R.: Dynamic responses of the base-fixed and isolated building frames under far- and near-fault earthquakes. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 39(4), 2573–2585 (2014)
Komur, M.A.: Soft-story effects on the behavior of fixed-base and LRB base-isolated reinforced concrete buildings. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 41(2), 1–11 (2016)
Raheem, S.E.A.: Exploring seismic response of bridges with bidirectional coupled modelling of base isolation bearings system. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 39(12), 8669–8679 (2014)
Constantinou, M.C.; Symans, M.D.: Seismic response of structures with supplemental damping. Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build. 2(2), 77–92 (2010)
Providakis, C.P.: Effect of supplemental damping on LRB and FPS seismic isolators under near-fault ground motions. Soil. Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 29(1), 80–90 (2009)
Güneyisi, E.M.; Altay, G.: Seismic fragility assessment of effectiveness of viscous dampers in R/C buildings under scenario earthquakes. Struct. Saf. 30(5), 461–480 (2008)
Pampanin, S.; Bolognini, D.; Pavese, A.: Performance-based seismic retrofit strategy for existing reinforced concrete frame systems using fiber-reinforced polymer composites. J. Compos. Constr. 11(2), 211–226 (2007)
Galal, K.; El-Sokkary, H.: Analytical evaluation of seismic performance of RC frames rehabilitated using FRP for increased ductility of members. J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 22(5), 276–288 (2008)
Garcia, R.; Hajirasouliha, I.; Pilakoutas, K.: Seismic behaviour of deficient RC frames strengthened with CFRP composites. Eng. Struct. 32(10), 3075–3085 (2010)
Zhu, J.T.; Wang, X.L.; Xu, Z.D.; Weng, C.H.: Experimental study on seismic behavior of RC frames strengthened with CFRP sheets. Compos. Struct. 93(6), 1595–1603 (2011)
Sousa, L.; Monteiro, R.: Seismic retrofit options for non-structural building partition walls: impact on loss estimation and cost-benefit analysis. Eng. Struct. 161, 8–27 (2018)
Erdem, I.; Akyuz, U.; Ersoy, U.; Ozcebe, G.: An experimental study on two different strengthening techniques for RC frames. Eng. Struct. 28(13), 1843–1851 (2006)
Binici, B.; Ozcebe, G.; Ozcelik, R.: Analysis and design of FRP composites for seismic retrofit of infill walls in reinforced concrete frames. Compos. Part B Eng. 38(5–6), 575–583 (2007)
Ilki, A.; Goksu, C.; Demir, C.; Kumbasar, N.: Seismic analysis of a RC frame building with FRP-retrofitted infill walls. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, vol. 2, pp. 1167–1175 (2007)
Almusallam, T.H.; Al-Salloum, Y.A.: Behavior of FRP strengthened infill walls under in-plane seismic loading. J. Compos. Constr. 11(3), 308–318 (2007)
Altin, S.; Anil, O.; Kara, M.E.; Kaya, M.: An experimental study on strengthening of masonry infilled RC frames using diagonal CFRP strips. Compos. Part B Eng. 39(4), 680–693 (2008)
Erol, G.; Karadogan, H.F.; Cili, F.: Seismic strengthening of infilled RC frames by CFRP. In: Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (2008)
Yuksel, E.; Ozkaynak, H.; Buyukozturk, O.; Yalcin, C.; Dindar, A.A.; Surmeli, M.; Tastan, D.: Performance of alternative CFRP retrofitting schemes used in infilled RC frames. Constr. Build. Mater. 24(4), 596–609 (2010)
Kakaletsis, D.: Comparison of CFRP and alternative seismic retrofitting techniques for bare and infilled RC frames. J. Compos. Constr. 15(4), 565–577 (2011)
Akin, E.; Canbay, E.; Binici, B.; Ozcebe, G.: Testing and analysis of infilled reinforced concrete frames strengthened with CFRP reinforcement. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 30(19), 1605–1620 (2011)
NSPRC (National Standard of the People’s Republic of China): Code for design of concrete structures. GB 50010-2002, Ministry of Construction of People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China (2002) (in Chinese)
Perform-3D User Guide: Nonlinear Analysis and Performance Assessment for 3D Structures. Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, California, USA, Version 5 (2011)
Nazari, Y.R.; Saatcioglu, M.: Seismic vulnerability assessment of concrete shear wall buildings through fragility analysis. J. Build. Eng. 12, 202–209 (2017)
Zhou, Y.; Ge, P.L.; Han, J.P.; Lu, Z.: Vector-valued intensity measures for incremental dynamic analysis. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 100, 380–388 (2017)
Guo, Z.H.: Principle of Reinforced Concrete, pp. 20–21 and 176–177. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing (1999) (in Chinese)
Wang, Z.Y.; Wang, D.Y.; Smith, S.T.; Lu, D.G.: CFRP-confined square RC columns. I: experimental investigation. J. Compos. Constr. 16(2), 150–160 (2012)
Wang, Z.Y.; Wang, D.Y.; Smith, S.T.; Lu, D.G.: CFRP-confined square RC columns. II: cyclic axial compression stress–strain model. J. Compos. Constr. 16(2), 161–170 (2012)
Bennett, R.M.; Flanagan, R.D.; Adham, S.: Evaluation and analysis of the performance of masonary infills during the Northridge earthquake. Final Report for Submission to the National Science Foundation, Grant No. CMS-9416262 (1996)
Akin, E.; Ozcebe, G.; Canbay, E.; Binici, B.: Numerical study on CFRP strengthening of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls. J. Compos. Constr. 18(2), 04013034 (2014)
O’Reilly, G.J.; Perrone, D.; Fox, M.; Monteiro, R.; Filiatrault, A.: Seismic assessment and loss estimation of existing school buildings in Italy. Eng. Struct. 168, 142–162 (2018)
Vamvatsikos, D.; Fragiadakis, M.: Incremental dynamic analysis for estimating seismic performance sensitivity and uncertainty. Earthq. Eng. Struct. D 39(2), 141–163 (2010)
Pinho, R.; Marques, M.; Monteiro, R.; Casarotti, C.; Delgado, R.: Evaluation of nonlinear static procedures in the assessment of building frames. Earthq. Spectra 29(4), 1459–1476 (2013)
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency): NEHRP guidelines for seismic rehabilitation of buildings, FEMA-273. Washington, DC (1997)
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency): Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of building, FEMA-356, Washington, DC (2000)
NSPRC (National Standard of the People’s Republic of China): Code for seismic design of buildings. GB50011-2010, Ministry of Construction of People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China (2010) (in Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zheng, Z., Pan, X. & Bao, X. Comparative Capacity Assessment of CFRP Retrofit Techniques for RC Frames with Masonry Infills Using Pushover Analysis. Arab J Sci Eng 44, 4597–4612 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3488-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3488-4