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Parametric Studies on Descriptive Isotherms for the Uptake of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solution onto Lignin-Rich Adsorbent

  • Research Article - Chemical Engineering
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Abstract

This study investigates (using six error functions criteria) descriptive isotherm models for adsorbing crystal violet dye (CVD) onto lignin extract. The lignin adsorbent (named PTA) was obtained from palm tree trunk and subjected to physiochemical, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses. Influences of contact time, dose, particle size, initial CVD concentration and temperature were studied. 53.21% lignin yield was recorded for the adsorbent. SEM images and FTIR spectra indicated significant porosity and lignin presence in the PTA. Average relative error, sum of absolute errors and sum of normalized error confirmed Redlich–Peterson and Freundlich isotherms, respectively, as the best linear and nonlinear descriptive models. Gibb’s free energy and enthalpy change of −1976.89 and \(+\)105.505 KJ/mol, respectively, indicated spontaneous and endothermic process. After four regenerations cycles, PTA showed over 80% removal efficiency.

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Abbreviations

\(a_{\mathrm{R}}\) :

Redlich–Peterson isotherm constant (1/mg)

ARE:

Sum average relative error

\(A_{\mathrm{T}}\) :

Tempkin isotherm equilibrium binding constant (L/g)

\(b_{\mathrm{T}}\) :

Tempkin isotherm constant

\(C_{\mathrm{e}}\) :

Equilibrium concentration (mg/L)

\(C_{\mathrm{o}}\) :

Adsorbate initial concentration (mg/L)

EABS:

Sum of absolute errors

ERRSQ:

Sum of the squares of error

g :

Redlich–Peterson isotherm exponent

HYBRID:

Hybrid fractional error function

\(K_{\mathrm{D}}\) :

Hill constant

\(K_{\mathrm{F}}\) :

Freundlich isotherm constant (mg/g) (\(\hbox {dm}^{3}/\hbox {g}\))

\(K_{\mathrm{L}}\) :

Langmuir isotherm constant (L/mg)

\(K_{\mathrm{R}}\) :

Redlich–Peterson isotherm constant (L/g)

MPSD:

Marquardt’s percent standard deviation

n :

Adsorption intensity

\(n_{\mathrm{H}}\) :

Hill cooperativity coefficient of the binding interaction

p :

Number of isotherm parameter

\(q_{\mathrm{e}}\) :

Amount of adsorbate in the adsorbent at equilibrium(mg/g)

\(q_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{calc}}\) :

Calculated adsorbate concentration at equilibrium (mg/g)

\(q_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{Isotherm}}\) :

Measured adsorbate concentration at equilibrium (mg/g)

\(q_{\mathrm{sH}}\) :

Hill isotherm maximum uptake saturation (mg/L)

R :

Universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol K)

\(R^{2}\) :

Correlation coefficient

\(R_{\mathrm{L}}\) :

Separation factor

T :

Temperature (K)

\(\Delta \hbox {G}\) :

Gibbs energy change (KJ/mol)

\(\Delta \hbox {H}\) :

Enthalpy change (KJ/mol)

\(\Delta \hbox {S}\) :

Entropy change (J/mol K)

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  1. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Water Resources Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

    M. C. Menkiti

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

    M. C. Menkiti & C. O. Aniagor

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  1. M. C. Menkiti
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Menkiti, M.C., Aniagor, C.O. Parametric Studies on Descriptive Isotherms for the Uptake of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solution onto Lignin-Rich Adsorbent. Arab J Sci Eng 43, 2375–2392 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2789-3

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