Abstract
Evaluation of electromagnetic fields, which is caused by the lightning channel, is an appealing topic in order to consider the indirect effects of lightning on the power lines. In most computations of lightning electromagnetic fields, the return stroke channel is assumed to be a straight and a vertical channel. However, in reality, the lightning channel is most often inclined and has some tortuosity on scales. This paper provides general expressions for the electric field and the magnetic flux density, at any point, that are radiated from an inclined lightning channel. These general expressions are based on the Maxwell’s equations. The proposed equations can estimate the components of the electric field and the magnetic flux density directly at any observation point and for any kind of lightning channel (vertical or inclined). Also, by using the suggested general expressions, the electromagnetic fields can be computed in close, medium and far ranges. The proposed expressions support the notion of the vertical lightning channel by assuming the channel angle with respect to Z-axis equals zero. In this paper, the analysis of the suggested expressions for the electric field and the magnetic flux density that radiated from an inclined lightning channel as well as their verifications by comparing their results with the results of the others is achieved. Also, these suggested expressions are used to investigate the effect of channel geometry, number of the segments to which the channel is sub-divided, position of the observation point with respect to each segment of the channel, and each segment orientations (defined with the azimuth angle ϕ) and inclination angle θ on the electromagnetic field distributions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cooray V.: The Lightning Flash. IEE, London (2003)
Rubinstein M., Uman M.A.: Methods for calculating the electromagnetic fields from a known source distribution: application to lightning. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 31(2), 183–189 (1989)
Nucci C.A., Rachidi F., Ianoz M., Mazzetti C.: Lightning-induced voltages on overhead lines. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 35, 75–85 (1993)
Kannu, P.D.; Thomas, M.J.: Computation of radiated electromagnetic field from lightning return stroke. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Electromagnetic Interference an Compatibility, INCEMIC, Chennai, India, 19 December 2003, pp. 129–132
Romero, F.; Alexandre, P.: Evaluation of lightning horizontal electric field over a finitely conducting ground. In: IX International Symposium on Lightning Protection, (2007)
Uman M.A.: Natural lightning. Trans. Ind. Appl. 30(3), 785–790 (1994)
Rakov V., Uman M.A.: Review and evaluation of lightning return stroke models including some aspects of their application. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 40, 403–426 (1998)
Hill R.: Electromagnetic radiation from erratic paths of lightning strokes. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 1922–1929 (1969)
LeVine D.M., Meneghini R.: Simulation of radiation from lightning return strokes: the effects of tortuosity. Radio Sci. 13(5), 801–809 (1978)
LeVine, D.M.; Meneghini, R.: Electromagnetic fields radiated from a lightning return stroke: application of an exact solution to Maxwell’s equations. J. Geophys. Res. 83(C5), 2377–2384 (1978)
Sakakibara A.: Calculation of induced voltages on overhead lines caused by inclined lightning studies. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 4, 683–693 (1989)
Rusck, S.: Induced lightning overvoltages on power transmission lines with special reference to the overvoltage protection of low voltage networks. Ph.D. Dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (1957)
Wu, S.C.; Hsiao, W.T.: Characterization of induced voltages on overhead power lines caused by lightning strokes with arbitrary configurations. In: International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 3, pp. 2706–2710 (1994)
Kordi, B., Moini, R., Rachidi, F.: Modeling an inclined lightning return stroke channel using the Antenna Theory model. In: 14th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, (2001)
Moini, R.; Rakov, V.A.; Uman, M.A.: An antenna theory model for the lightning return stroke. In: Proceedings of International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 149–152, (1997)
Moini R., Kordi B., Rakov V.A., Rafi G.Z.: A new lightning return stroke model based on antenna theory. J. Geophys. Res. 105(29), 693–702 (2000)
Lupò, G.; Petrarca, C.; Tucci, V.; Vitelli, M.: Fields associated with lightning channels: on the effect of tortuosity and branching. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 42(4), 394–404 (2000)
Song T.-X., Liu Y.-H., Xiong J.-M.: Computations of electromagnetic fields radiated from complex lightning channels. Prog. Electromagn. Res. PIER 73, 93–105 (2007)
Izadi, M.; Kadir, M.; Gomes, C.: On the consideration of the channel angle effects on the electromagnetic fields associated with inclined lightning channel. In: 2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOC02012), Melaka, Malaysia, 6–7 June 2012
Lupò, G.; Petrarca, C.; Tucci, V.; Vitelli, M.: EM fields generated by lightning channels with arbitrary location and slope. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 42(1), 39–53 (2000)
Moini R., Sadeghi S.H.H., Kordi B., Rachidi F.: An antenna-theory approach for modeling inclined lightning return stroke channels. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 76, 945–952 (2006)
Izadi M., Kadir M.Z.A.A., Gomes C.: Evaluating of electromagnetic fields associated with inclined lightning channel using second order FDTD-hybrid. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 117, 209–236 (2011)
Soto E., Perez E., Herrera J.: Electromagnetic field due to lightning striking on top of a cone-shaped mountain using the FDTD. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 56(5), 1112–1120 (2014)
Izadil Mahdi, Kadir Mohd Z. A. Ab, Hajikhani Maryam: Evaluation of electromagnetic fields due to inclined lightning channel in presence of ground reflection. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 135, 677–694 (2013)
Magid L.M.: Electromagnetic Field, Energy, and Waves. Wiley, NewYork (1972)
Reitz J.R., Milford F.J., Christy R.W.: Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory, 3rd edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1980)
Rubinstein M., Uman M.A.: Modeling methods for calculating the electromagnetic fields from a known source distribution: application to lightning. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 31(2), 183–189 (1989)
Zhou X.: On independence completeness of Maxwell’s equations and uniqueness theorems in electromagnetic. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 64, 117–134 (2006)
Nevels R., Shin C.S.: Lorenz, Lorentz, and the gauge. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 43, 70–72 (2001)
Master, M.J.; Uman, M.A: Transient electric and magnetic fields associated with establishing a finite electrostatic dipole. Am. J. Phys. 51(2), 118–126 (1983)
Song T.X., Wang C.: Two numerical methods for calculating electromagnetic fields radiated from natural lightning. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 19(4), 513–528 (2005)
Nucci C.A.: Lightning-induced voltages on overhead power lines. Part I: Return stroke current models with specified channel-base current for the evaluation of the return stroke electromagnetic fields. Electra 161, 75–102 (1995)
Bruce C.E., Golde R.H.: The lightning discharge. J. IEE. Lond. 88, 487–520 (1941)
Izadi M., Kadir M.Z.A.A., Gomes C., Wan Ahmed W.F.: An analytical second-FDTD method for evaluation of electric and magnetic at intermediate distances from lightning fields. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 110, 329–352 (2010)
Kannu P.D, Thomas M.J.: Lightning-induced voltages in a satellite launch-pad protection system. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 45, 644–651 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abouzeid, S.I., Shabib, G. & Zein El Dein, A. Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Inclined Lightning Channel. Arab J Sci Eng 40, 2585–2608 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1660-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1660-7