Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Beaconless Dynamic Spectrum-Aware Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad hoc Networks

  • Research Article - Electrical Engineering
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A beaconless dynamic spectrum-aware routing (DSAR) protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks is proposed. The protocol allows nodes to collect spectrum information and monitor spectrum mobility during a spectrum management interval which is followed by a transmission period. Channel selection and neighbor coordination are performed in the routing layer along with a restricted geographical routing to cover all spectrum opportunity regions. These remove any need to exchange spectrum status, while a requesting node requires introducing its location to its one-hop neighbors. In addition, cognitive users discover routes by joint spectrum and next-hop selection in the transmission intervals. By restricting forwarding nodes, DSAR covers a large area of spectrum opportunity while avoiding performance degradation, especially due to routing overhead. We also add spectrum mobility capabilities in our proposed method to investigate strong spectrum awareness in the routing process. DSAR protocol performance is investigated through simulation in different scenarios and is compared with the most similar work, SEARCH protocol. The results indicate that DSAR can significantly reduce the control overhead.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mitola J., Maguire G.Q.: Cognitive radio: making software radios more personal. IEEE Pers. Commun., 6, 13–18 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Haykin S.: Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 23(2), 201–220 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Akyildiz I.F., Lee W.-Y., Vuran M.C.: Mohanty, S.: Next generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey. Comput. Netw. (Elsevier) 50(13), 2127–2159 (2006)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Mauve, M.; Widmer, J., Hartenstein, H.: A survey on position-based routing in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Netw., pp. 30–39 (2001)

  5. Al-Karaki J.N., Kamal A.E.: Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 11(6), 6–28 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Akkaya K., Younis M.: A survey of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Netw. (Elsevier) 3(3), 325–349 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Cesana M., Cuomob F., Ekicic E.: Routing in cognitive radio networks: challenges and solutions. Ad Hoc Netw.(Elsevier) 9(3), 228–248 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cacciapuoti A.S., Caleffi M., Paura L.: Reactive routing for mobile cognitive radio ad hoc networks. Ad Hoc Netw. 10(5), 803–815 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chowdhury, K.R.; Akyildiz, I.F.: Crp: a routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. (JSAC) (2011)

  10. Khalife H., Malouch N., Fdida S.: Multihop cognitive radio networks: to route or not to route. Netw. IEEE 23(4), 20–25 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Rehmani, M.H.; Viana, A.C.; Khalife, H.; Fdida, S.: Improving data dissemination in multi-hop cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. Ad Hoc Netw. Springer, Berlin (89), 117–130 2012

  12. Rehmani, M.H.: Channel assortment strategy for reliable communication in multi-hop cognitive radio networks. WOWMOM, pp. 1–2, (2010)

  13. Akan O.B., Karli O., Ergul O.: Cognitive radio sensor networks. IEEE Netw. 23(4), 34–40 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Akyildiz I.F., Lee W.-Y., Chowdhury K.R.: CRAHNs: Cognitive radio ad hoc networks. Ad Hoc Netw. 7(5), 810–836 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Abedi, O.; Berangi, R.: Agile Spectrum mobility aided spectrum-aware routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks. IEICE Trans. Commun. E95-B(10), 3187–3196 (2012)

  16. Xin, C.; Xie, B.; Shen, C.: A novel layered graph model for topology formation and routing in dynamic spectrum access networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE DySPAN (2005)

  17. Alicherry, M.; Bhatia, R.; Li, L.: Joint channel assignment and routing for throughput optimization in multi-radio wireless mesh networks. In: Proceedings of ACM Mobicom (2005)

  18. Wang, Q.; Zheng, H.: Route and spectrum selection in dynamic spectrum networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE CCNC (2006)

  19. Draves, R.; Padhye, J.; Zill, B.: Routing in multi-radio, multi-hop wireless mesh networks. In: Proceedings of ACM Mobicom (2004)

  20. Kyasanur, P.; Vaidya, N.H.: Routing and interface assignment in multi-channel multi-interface wireless networks. WCNC (2005)

  21. Lin, X.; Rasool, S.A.: distributed joint channel-assignment, scheduling and routing algorithm for multi-channel ad hoc wireless networks. In: Proceedings of INFOCOM (2007)

  22. Cheng, G.; Liu, W.; Li, Y.; Cheng, W.: Joint on-demand routing and spectrum assignment in cognitive radio networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2007), June 2007, pp. 6499–6503. Glasgow, Scotland

  23. Cheng, G.; Liu, W.; Li, Y.; Cheng, W.: Spectrum aware on-demand routing in cognitive radio networks. In: 2nd IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN 2007), April 2007, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 571–574

  24. Sampath, A.; Yang, L.; Cao, L.; Zheng, H.; Zhao, B.Y.: High throughput spectrum-aware routing for cognitive radio networks. In: 3rd International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications (CrownCom 2008), May, 2008, Singapore

  25. Chowdhury K.R., Felice M.D.: Search: a routing protocol for mobile cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. Elsevier Comput. Commun. J. 32(18), 1983–1997 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bulusu N., Heidemann J., Estrin D.: GPS-less low-cost outdoor localization for very small devices. IEEE Pers. Commun. 7(5), 28–34 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Rahman M., Park Y., Kim K.D.: RSS-based indoor localization algorithm for wireless sensor network using generalized regression neural network. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 37(4), 1043–1053 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Refan M.H., Palangi H.: Positioning error reduction of a low-cost GPS receiver for kinematical applications. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 37(8), 2221–2230 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Singh, I.B.; Ho, Q.D.; Ngoc, T.L.: TIEGeR: An energy-efficient multi-parameter geographic routing algorithm. In: Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2012) (2012)

  30. Bolch, G.; Greiner, S.; de Meer, H.; Trivedi, K.S.: Queueing Networks and Markov Chains: Modeling and Performance Evaluation with Computer Science Applications. Wiley, New York (1998)

  31. Stojmenovic, I.; Lin, X.: GEDIR:loop-free location based routing in wireless networks. In: International Conference on Parallel and Distrib. Comp. and Systems (1999)

  32. Stojmenovic I., Lin X.: Loop-free hybrid single-path/flooding routing algorithms with guaranteed delivery for wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 12(10), 1023–1032 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Draves, R.; Padhye, J.; Zill, B.: Routing in multi-radio, multi-hop wireless mesh networks. ACM Mobicom, pp. 114–128 (2004)

  34. Madani S., Weber D., Mahlknecht S.: Position-based routing protocol for low power wireless sensor networks. JUCS 16, 1215–1233 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Calvo, R.A.; Campo, J.P.: Adding Multiple Interface Support in NS-2, 2007

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kerman University of Bahonar, Kerman, Iran

    Omid Abedi

  2. Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran

    Reza Berangi

Authors
  1. Omid Abedi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Reza Berangi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Omid Abedi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Abedi, O., Berangi, R. Beaconless Dynamic Spectrum-Aware Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad hoc Networks. Arab J Sci Eng 39, 3941–3952 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-0977-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-0977-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation