Skip to main content
Log in

The Steiner–Lehmus theorem and “triangles with congruent medians are isosceles” hold in weak geometries

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie / Contributions to Algebra and Geometry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We prove that (a) a generalization of the Steiner–Lehmus theorem due to A. Henderson holds in Bachmann’s standard ordered metric planes, (b) that a variant of Steiner–Lehmus holds in all metric planes, and (c) that the fact that a triangle with two congruent medians is isosceles holds in Hjelmslev planes without double incidences of characteristic \(\ne 3\).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abu-Saymeh, S., Hajja, M.: More on the Steiner–Lehmus theorem. J. Geom. Graph. 14, 127–133 (2010)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Mathematical Note 1069. Math. Gazette 17, 122–126 (1933)

  • Anonymous: Troisième démonstration. J. math. élém. 9, 131–132 (1885)

  • Bachmann, F.: Geometrien mit euklidischer Metrik, in denen es zu jeder Geraden durch einen nicht auf ihr liegenden Punkt mehrere Nichtschneidende gibt I, II. III. Math. Z. 51(752–768), 769–779 (1949)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann, F.: Geometrien mit euklidischer Metrik, in denen es zu jeder Geraden durch einen nicht auf ihr liegenden Punkt mehrere Nichtschneidende gibt I, II. III. Math. Nachr. 1, 258–276 (1948)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann, F.: Aufbau der Geometrie aus dem Spiegelungsbegriff, 2nd edn. Springer Verlag, Berlin (1973)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann, F.: Ebene Spiegelungsgeometrie. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim (1989)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann, F., Klingenberg, W.: Über Seiteneinteilungen in affinen und euklidischen Ebenen. Math. Ann. 123, 288–301 (1951)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bernays, P.: Bemerkungen zu den Grundlagen der Geometrie. In: Freidrichs K.O. (ed.), Studies and Essays Presented R. Courant on his 60th Birthday, January 8,1948, pp. 29–44. Interscience Publishers, New York (1948)

  • Blichfeldt, H.F.: Proof of a theorem concerning isosceles triangles. Ann. Math. 4, 22–24 (1902)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Blichfeldt, H.F.: Demonstrations of a pair of theorems in geometry. Proc. Edinburg Math. Soc. 20, 16–17 (1902)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, J., Ryba, A.: The Steiner-Lehmus angle bisector theorem. Math. Gazette 98, 193–203 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Coxeter, H.S.M.: Introduction to geometry, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York (1969)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Descube: Théorème de géométrie. J. Math. élém. 4, 538–539 (1880)

  • Hajja, M.: Other versions of the Steiner-Lehmus theorem. Am. Math. Month. 108, 760–767 (2001)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A.: A classic problem in Euclidean geometry. A basic study. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 53, 246–281 (1937)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A.: The Lehmus-Steiner-Terquem problem in global survey. Scripta Math. 21(223–232), 309–312 (1955)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hilbert, D.: Grundlagen der Geometrie, 12th edn. Teubner, Stuttgart (1977)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, R.W.: Equal bisectors revisited. Math. Gazette 66, 304 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kharazishvili, A.: Some topologic-geometrical properties of external bisectors of a triangle. Georgian Math. J. 19, 697–704 (2012)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • MacKay, J.S.: History of a theorem in elementary geometry. Proc. Edinburg Math. Soc. 20, 18–22 (1902)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • MacKay, D.J.: The Lehmus-Steiner theorem. School Sci. Math. 39, 561–572 (1939)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martini, H.J.: Neuere Ergebnisse der Elementargeometrie. In: Giering, O., Hoschek, J. (eds.) Geometrie und ihre Anwendungen, pp. 9–42. Carl Hanser Verlag, München (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • M’Bride, J.A.: The equal internal bisectors theorem, 1840–1940. Many solutions or none. A centenary account. Edinburgh. Math. Notes 33, 1–13 (1943)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Montes, A., Recio, T.: Generalizing the Steiner-Lehmus theorem using the Gröbner cover. Math. Comput. Simul. 104, 67–81 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Nicula, V., Pohoaţă, C.: A stronger form of the Steiner-Lehmus theorem. J. Geom. Graph. 13, 25–27 (2009)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Oxman, V.: Two Cevians intersecting on an angle bisector. Math. Mag 85, 213–215 (2012)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Pambuccian, V.: What is the natural Euclidean metric? J. Symb. Logic 59, 711 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pambuccian, V.: Ternary operations as primitive notions for constructive plane geometry. IV. Math. Logic Quart. 40, 76–86 (1994)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Pambuccian, V.: Constructive axiomatization of non-elliptic metric planes. Bull. Polish Acad. Sci. Math. 51, 49–57 (2003)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Pambuccian, V.: Orthogonality as single primitive notion for metric planes. With an appendix by Horst and Rolf Struve. Beiträge Algebra Geom. 48, 399–409 (2007)

  • Pambuccian, V., Struve, R.: On M. T. Calapso’s characterization of the metric of an absolute plane. J. Geom. 92, 105–116 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Pejas, W.: Eine algebraische Beschreibung der angeordneten Ebenen mit nichteuklidischer Metrik. Math. Z. 83, 434–457 (1964)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, L.J.: The “equal bisector” theorem. Math. Gazette 45, 214–215 (1961)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnabel, R., Pambuccian, V.: Die metrisch-euklidische Geometrie als Ausgangspunkt für die geordnet-euklidische Geometrie. Exposition. Math. 3, 285–288 (1985)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Schröder, E.M.: Geometrie euklidischer Ebenen. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwabhäuser, W., Szmielew W., Tarski, A.: Metamathematische Methoden in der Geometrie. Springer Verlag, Berlin (1983) (reissued by Ishi Press International, 2011)

  • Simon, M.: Über die Entwicklung der Elementargeometrie im XIX. Jahrhundert. Jahresber. Deutsch. Math.-Ver. Der Ergänzungsbände I. Band, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig (1906)

  • Sörensen, K.: Ebenen mit Kongruenz. J. Geom. 22, 15–30 (1984)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Tarry, G.: Sur un théorème indépendant du postulatum d’Euclide. J. Math. élém. 4(4), 169–170 (1895)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Tarry, G.: Solution de la question 100. L’intermédiaire des mathématiciens 2, 327–328 (1895)

    Google Scholar 

  • Woyda, H.G.: Note inspired by the Steiner-Lehmus theorem. Math. Gazette 57, 338–339 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • van Yzeren, J.: Equality of bisectors, an intriguing property. Nieuw Arch. Wisk. 4(15), 63–71 (1997)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Victor Pambuccian.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pambuccian, V., Struve, H. & Struve, R. The Steiner–Lehmus theorem and “triangles with congruent medians are isosceles” hold in weak geometries. Beitr Algebra Geom 57, 483–497 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13366-015-0278-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13366-015-0278-y

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classification

Navigation