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Persistence of SIV in the brain of SIV-infected Chinese rhesus macaques with or without antiretroviral therapy

Journal of NeuroVirology volume 24, pages 62–74 (2018)Cite this article

Abstract

Persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs in the central nervous system (CNS) is an obstacle to cure strategies. However, little is known about residual viral distribution, viral replication levels, and genetic diversity in different brain regions of HIV-infected individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Because myeloid cells particularly microglia are likely major reservoirs in the brain, and more microglia exist in white matter than gray matter in a human brain, we hypothesized the major viral reservoirs in the brain are the white matter reflected by higher levels of viral DNA. To address the issue, we used the Chinese rhesus macaque (ChRM) model of SIV infection, and treated 11 SIVmac251-infected animals including long-term nonprogressors with cART for up to 24 weeks. SIV reservoirs were assessed by SIV DNA levels in 16 specific regions of the brain and 4 regions of spinal cord. We found relatively high frequencies of SIV in basal ganglia and brain stem compared to other regions. cART-receiving animals had significantly lower SIV DNA levels in the gray matter than white matter. Moreover, a shortened envelope gp120 with 21 nucleotide deletions and guanine-to-adenine hypermutations were observed. These results demonstrate that SIV enters the CNS in SIV-infected ChRM with a major reservoir in the white matter after cART; the SIV/ChRM/cART is an appropriate model for studying HIV CNS reservoirs and testing new eradication strategies. Further, examining multiple regions of the CNS may be needed when assessing whether an agent is successful in reducing the size of SIV reservoirs in the CNS.

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Acknowledgements

We thank M Duplantis, L Nieburg, Dr. P Didier, and Dr. M Bouljihad of the Division of Comparative Pathology for tissue collection, and the animal care staff of the Division of Veterinary Medicine for their technical assistance.

Funding

This work was supported by NIAID R01 AI093307 (BL), NIMH R01 MH102144 (YW), and the TNPRC base grant OD011104. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, preparation of the manuscript, or decision for publication.

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Author notes

  1. Stefanie Perez

    Present address: Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA

Affiliations

  1. Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA

    Stefanie Perez, Ann-Marie Johnson, Lara Doyle-Meyers, Antonito Panganiban, Amitinder Kaur, Ronald S. Veazey & Binhua Ling

  2. Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA

    Shi-hua Xiang

  3. Department of Statistics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA

    Jian Li

  4. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA

    Brian T. Foley

  5. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA

    Antonito Panganiban, Amitinder Kaur & Binhua Ling

  6. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA

    Ronald S. Veazey

  7. National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA

    Yuntao Wu

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  1. Stefanie Perez
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  2. Ann-Marie Johnson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Binhua Ling.

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Experimental procedures performed on rhesus macaques used in this study were approved by the Tulane Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). All animals were housed indoors throughout the study period at the Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC). TNPRC facilities are fully accredited by the Association of Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC) in accordance with standard husbandry practices following the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH).

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Perez, S., Johnson, AM., Xiang, Sh. et al. Persistence of SIV in the brain of SIV-infected Chinese rhesus macaques with or without antiretroviral therapy. J. Neurovirol. 24, 62–74 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-017-0594-0

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Keywords

  • Human immunodeficiency virus
  • Simian immunodeficiency virus
  • Rhesus macaque
  • Central nervous system
  • Reservoir
  • Antiretroviral therapy