References
Araujo A, Hall WW (2004) Human T-lymphotropic virus type II and neurological disease. Ann Neurol 56:10–19. doi:10.1002/ana.20126
Biswas HH, Engstrom JW, Kaidarova Z et al (2009) Neurologic abnormalities in HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected individuals without overt myelopathy. Neurology 73:781–789. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b6bba9
Harrington WJ, Sheremata W, Hjelle B et al (1993) Spastic ataxia associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II infection. Ann Neurol 33:411–414. doi:10.1002/ana.410330416
Higuchi M, Fujii M (2009) Distinct functions of HTLV-1 Tax1 from HTLV-2 Tax2 contribute key roles to viral pathogenesis. Retrovirology 6:117. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-6-117
Jacobson S, Lehky T, Nishimura M et al (1993) Isolation of HTLV-II from a patient with chronic, progressive neurological disease clinically indistinguishable from HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Ann Neurol 33:392–396. doi:10.1002/ana.410330411
Lehky TJ, Flerlage N, Katz D et al (1996) Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II-associated myelopathy: clinical and immunologic profiles. Ann Neurol 40:714–723. doi:10.1002/ana.410400507
Melamed A, Laydon DJ, Gillet NA et al (2013) Genome-wide determinants of proviral targeting, clonal abundance and expression in natural HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003271. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003271
Morimoto HK, Morimoto AA, Reiche EMV et al (2007) Difficulties in the diagnosis of HTLV-2 infection in HIV/AIDS patients from Brazil: Comparative performances of serologic and molecular assays, and detection of HTLV-2b subtype. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 49:225–230
Murphy EL, Lee T-H, Chafets D et al (2004) Higher human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) provirus load is associated with HTLV-I versus HTLV-II, with HTLV-II subtype A versus B, and with male sex and a history of blood transfusion. J Infect Dis 190:504–510. doi:10.1086/422398
Osame M (1990) Review of WHO Kagoshima meeting and diagnostic guidelines for HAM/TSP. Hum Retrovirol HTLV 191–197
Puccioni-Sohler M, Rios M, Carvalho SM et al (2001) Diagnosis of HAM/TSP based on CSF proviral HTLV-I DNA and HTLV-I antibody index. Neurology 57:725–727
Rosadas C, Cabral-Castro MJ, Vicente ACP et al (2013) Validation of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for HTLV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Virol Methods 193:536–541. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.040
Silva EA, Otsuki K, Leite ACB et al (2002) HTLV-II infection associated with a chronic neurodegenerative disease: Clinical and molecular analysis. J Med Virol 257:253–257. doi:10.1002/jmv.2138
Silva MTT, Harab RC, Leite AC et al (2007) Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load in asymptomatic carriers, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, and other neurological abnormalities associated with HTLV-1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 44:689–692. doi:10.1086/510679
Sofian M, Aghakhani A, Farazi AA et al (2012) Serum profile of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Hepat Mon 12:e6156. doi:10.5812/hepatmon.6156
Acknowledgments
To PDTIS/FIOCRUZ sequencing platform.
This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) and by Post-Graduation on Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (UFRJ), a PhD fellowship to C.R. from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), and a PhD fellowship to M.J.C.C. and L.Z. from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rosadas, C., Vicente, A.C.P., Zanella, L. et al. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 subtype b in a patient with chronic neurological disorder. J. Neurovirol. 20, 636–639 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-014-0280-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-014-0280-4