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Does the size of a protected area matter? An assessment of leopard population and habitat usage in a protected area of Shiwalik foothills, Himalaya

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Abstract

Small protected areas, while often considered less important than large protected areas, are also important for the conservation of wide-ranging and low-density large carnivore populations. But these protected areas must have a sufficient prey base, controlled wildlife crime, and interconnectivity with other protected areas in order to be effective. In the foothills of Shiwalik, Himalaya, the 46.8 km2 Kalesar National Park (KNP) is a dry deciduous forest. We used data collected with camera traps to estimate leopard density using spatial explicit capture-recapture (SECR) model and to model the effects of ecological and anthropogenic variables on habitat use of leopard using generalized linear models. The estimated leopard density was 19.31 ± 5.10 (S.E.) individuals/100 km2, which is high as compared to many other areas on the Indian subcontinent. Leopard habitat use was positively associated with sambar and wild boar availability, tree number, human disturbance, and distance to road and was negatively associated with chital availability and distance to water. KNP likely has a high density of leopards due to high prey availability and the absence of a dominant competitor (lions or tigers), despite high human disturbance and livestock presence throughout the park. This study will serve as an important baseline for insights into the population dynamics of leopards and creating conservation and management strategies in small protected areas such as KNP. Our results suggest the considerable conservation potential of small protected areas, and we propose that such areas might help to achieve conservation goals.

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Data Availability

The data that support the conclusions of this study are accessible upon request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Haryana Forest Department for permitting us to work in the Kalesar National Park (KNP). We thank Dr. Rohit Chaudhary for his valuable suggestions during manuscript preparation. We thank Mr. Sunil Tanwar, Inspector Wildlife, and his staff at KNP for providing us with much-needed assistance and logistic support during our study. We thank the Principal, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, India, for providing facilities and support. We are grateful to the Director, Amity Institute of Forestry and Wildlife, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India, for encouragement and continuous support.

Funding

Dr. Rajiv Kalsi received the funds and was supported by SERB, DST, Government of India; Grant number EMR/2016/006340. We thank the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute of Forestry and Wildlife, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, 201301

    Janam Jai Sehgal, Debashish Panda & Randeep Singh

  2. Department of Zoology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India, 135001

    Janam Jai Sehgal, Deepak Kumar & Rajiv Kalsi

  3. Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA

    Maximilian L. Allen

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  1. Janam Jai Sehgal
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Contributions

Conceptualization of the idea: Janam Jai Sehgal, Rajiv Kalsi, Randeep Singh. Data curation: Janam Jai Sehgal, Deepak Kumar, Rajiv Kalsi. Formal analysis: Janam Jai Sehgal, Debashish Panda. Funding acquisition: Rajiv Kalsi. Investigation: Rajiv Kalsi, Randeep Singh. Methodology: Janam Jai Sehgal, Rajiv Kalsi, Randeep Singh. Resources: Janam Jai Sehgal, Rajiv Kalsi, Randeep Singh. Software: Janam Jai Sehgal, Debashish Panda. Supervision: Rajiv Kalsi, Randeep Singh. Validation: Rajiv Kalsi, Randeep Singh. Visualization: Janam Jai Sehgal, Rajiv Kalsi, Randeep Singh. Writing—original draft: Janam Jai Sehgal. Writing—review and editing: Janam Jai Sehgal, Debashish Panda, Deepak Kumar, Rajiv Kalsi, Maximilian L. Allen, Randeep Singh.

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Correspondence to Rajiv Kalsi or Randeep Singh.

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This study was conducted with the approval from Haryana Forest Department (letter no. 2062, effective from 04–09-2017). We followed all guidelines for animal care and scientific research ethics.

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Sehgal, J.J., Panda, D., Kumar, D. et al. Does the size of a protected area matter? An assessment of leopard population and habitat usage in a protected area of Shiwalik foothills, Himalaya. Mamm Res 68, 459–469 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-023-00701-6

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