Show me your tail, if you have one! Is inbreeding depression occurring in wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Italy?

Lioy, Fabrizio Gerardo; Franculli, Donato; Calandri, Simone; Francescangeli, David; Pecorella, Stefano; Gaudiano, Lorenzo; Filacorda, Stefano; Valvo, Mario Lo; Nielsen, Clayton K.; Anile, Stefano

doi:10.1007/s13364-022-00627-5

Original Paper
Published: 01 March 2022

Show me your tail, if you have one! Is inbreeding depression occurring in wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Italy?

Fabrizio Gerardo Lioy¹,
Donato Franculli¹,
Simone Calandri²,
David Francescangeli²,
Stefano Pecorella³,
Lorenzo Gaudiano⁴,
Stefano Filacorda⁵,
Mario Lo Valvo⁶,
Clayton K. Nielsen⁷ &
Stefano Anile ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8871-9615⁷

Mammal Research volume 67, pages 153–161 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Knowledge of genetic diversity is important to wildlife conservation because genetically depleted populations experience an increased risk of extinction. Mammalian carnivores are characterized by small and fragmented populations and low dispersal, so that genetic erosion can lead to the fixation of deleterious genes relatively quickly, leading to morphological abnormalities. Kinked tails and cowlicks are indicative of inbreeding depression and have been described in two wild cat species so far, the puma (Puma concolor) and the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Here we report the first records of morphological abnormalities in five populations of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) in Italy by using (1) camera-trapping and (2) necropsy of road-killed individuals assessed through genetic analysis. We collected 24,055 trap-nights from 251 cameras and recorded 566 wildcat detections, from which we identified 148 wildcats. Among these, 11 individuals had a kinked tail and four displayed brachyuria, whereas three wildcats from Sicily had cowlicks on the thorax. We recovered 28 road-killed wildcats and two of them (from Sicily and Friuli Venezia Giulia) had a kinked tail. Among these, one female with a kinked tail had a male foetus with a kinked tail, which proved that this characteristic was genetically inherited. We are unsure why brachyuria or cowlicks were not detected across all monitored wildcat populations, given we found kinked tails throughout Italy. The frequencies at which we have detected these abnormalities in wildcats are far lower than reports from Florida panthers (Puma concolor). Future research is needed to verify whether these abnormalities are also associated with low genetic diversity or other morphological defects which might lower fitness. We recommend a nationwide effort, using these techniques within a standardized sampling design, to further understand the status of the wildcat in Italy.

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Acknowledgements

SA and SF thank Ettore Randi and Federica Mattucci from the ISPRA for kindly assessing the genetic status of the wildcats collected and used in this study. SA thanks Marisa Mazzaglia, former president of the Etna Regional Park, for supporting the wildcat research project without any hesitation. SA also thanks Dr. Michele Leonardi and Dr. Rosa Spampinato (Etna Park officers) for supporting his research throughout the years. Dr. Luigi Piccinini and Maurizio Pennisi from the “Ripartizione Faunistico Vena-toria di Catania” kindly provided the cameras used in this study. The wildcat project on Mt. Etna was funded by Etna Park in 2015–2016 and 2018. SA is also extremely graceful to the citizen scientists which are collaborating to the wildcat camera-trapping project “Piccoli Fototrappolatori Indipendenti.” The comments of two anonymous reviewers have improved this study.

Funding

The wildcat project on Mt. Etna was funded by Etna Park in 2015–2016 and 2018.

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Authors and Affiliations

Fuorisentiero, Via dell’Elettronica snc., Potenza, Italy
Fabrizio Gerardo Lioy & Donato Franculli
Piccoli Fototrappolatori Indipendenti, Strada Anile 4, Santa Maria di Licodia, 95038, Catania, Italy
Simone Calandri & David Francescangeli
Therion Research Group APS, Loc. Castel San Mauro, 1-34170, Gorizia, Italy
Stefano Pecorella
Dipartimento Di Biologia, Università Di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, BA, Italy
Lorenzo Gaudiano
Dipartimento Di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali E Animali, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
Stefano Filacorda
Laboratorio Di Zoologia Applicata, Dipartimento STEBICEF, University of Palermo, 90123, Palermo, Italy
Mario Lo Valvo
Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 62901, USA
Clayton K. Nielsen & Stefano Anile

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Fabrizio Gerardo Lioy
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Donato Franculli
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Simone Calandri
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Mario Lo Valvo
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Clayton K. Nielsen
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Lioy, F.G., Franculli, D., Calandri, S. et al. Show me your tail, if you have one! Is inbreeding depression occurring in wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Italy?. Mamm Res 67, 153–161 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-022-00627-5

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Received: 24 September 2021
Accepted: 22 February 2022
Published: 01 March 2022
Issue Date: April 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-022-00627-5

Keywords

Brachyuria
Cowlicks
Inbreeding depression
Genetic diversity
Wildcats
Kinked tails