Abstract
Sulfated N-glycans released from bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (bTSH) were ionized with the divalent metal cations Ca2+, Mg2+, and Co by electrospray ionization (ESI). These metal-adducted species were subjected to infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and electron capture dissociation (ECD) and the corresponding fragmentation patterns were compared. IRMPD generated extensive glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages, but most product ions suffered from sulfonate loss. Internal fragments were also observed, which complicated the spectra. ECD provided complementary structural information compared with IRMPD, and all observed product ions retained the sulfonate group, allowing sulfonate localization. To our knowledge, this work represents the first application of ECD towards metal-adducted sulfated N-glycans released from a glycoprotein. Due to the ability of IRMPD and ECD to provide complementary structural information, the combination of the two strategies is a promising and valuable tool for glycan structural characterization. The influence of different metal ions was also examined. Calcium adducts appeared to be the most promising species because of high sensitivity and ability to provide extensive structural information.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bertozzi, C.R., Kiessling, L.L.: Chemical glycobiology. Science 291, 2357–2364 (2001)
Rudd, P.M., Elliott, T., Cresswell, P., Wilson, I.A., Dwek, R.A.: Glycosylation and the Immune System. Science 291, 2370–2376 (2001)
Ohtsubo, K., Marth, J.D.: Glycosylation in cellular mechanisms of health and disease. Cell 126, 855–867 (2006)
Dube, D.H., Bertozzi, C.R.: Glycans in cancer and inflammation. Potential for therapeutics and diagnostics. Nat. Rev. Drug Disc. 4, 477–488 (2005)
Lowe, J.B., Marth, J.D.: A genetic approach to mammalian glycan function. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72, 643–691 (2003)
Pilobello, K.T., Mahal, L.K.: Deciphering the glycocode: the complexity and analytical challenge of glycomics. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 11, 300–305 (2007)
Zhao, Y.Y., Takahashi, M., Gu, J.G., Miyoshi, E., Matsumoto, A., Kitazume, S., Taniguchi, N.: Functional roles of N-glycans in cell signaling and cell adhesion om cancer. Cancer Sci. 99, 1304–1310 (2008)
Varki, A.: Biological roles of oligosaccharides—all of the theories are correct. Glycobiology 3, 97–130 (1993)
Zaia, J.: Mass spectrometry of oligosaccharides. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 23, 161–227 (2004)
Harvey, D.J.: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 18, 349–450 (1999)
Mechref, Y., Novotny, M.V.: Structural investigations of glycoconjugates at high sensitivity. Chem. Rev. 102, 321–369 (2002)
Marshall, A.G., Hendrickson, C.L., Jackson, G.S.: Fourier Transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: a primer. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 17, 1–35 (1998)
Marshall, A.G., Hendrickson, C.L.: High-resolution mass spectrometers. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1, 579–599 (2008)
Park, Y.M., Lebrilla, C.B.: Application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to oligosaccharides. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 24, 232–264 (2005)
Zhou, W., Håkansson, K.: Structural determination of carbohydrates by fourier transform tandem mass spectrometry. Curr. Proteom. 8, 297–308 (2011)
Zaia, J., McClellan, J.E., Costello, C.E.: Tandem mass spectrometric determination of the 4s/6s sulfation sequence in chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides. Anal. Chem. 73, 6030–6039 (2001)
Wheeler, S.F., Harvey, D.J.: Extension of the in-gel release method for structural analysis of neutral and sialylated n-linked glycans to the analysis of sulfated glycans: application to the glycans from bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone. Anal. Biochem. 296, 92–100 (2001)
Zaia, J., Li, X.Q., Chan, S.Y., Costello, C.E.: Tandem mass spectrometric strategies for determination of sulfation positions and uronic acid epimerization in chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 14, 1270–1281 (2003)
Naggar, E.F., Costello, C.E., Zaia, J.: Competing fragmentation processes in tandem mass spectra of heparin-like glycosaminoglycans. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 15, 1534–1544 (2004)
Yu, G.L., Zhao, X., Yang, B., Ren, S.M., Guan, H.S., Zhang, Y.B., Lawson, A.M., Chai, W.G.: Sequence determination of sulfated carrageenan-derived oligosaccharides by high-sensitivity negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 78, 8499–8505 (2006)
Desaire, H., Leary, J.A.: Detection and quantification of the sulfated disaccharides in chondroitin sulfate by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 11, 916–920 (2000)
Kailemia, M.J., Li, L.Y., Ly, M., Linhardt, R.J., Amster, I.J.: Complete mass spectral characterization of a synthetic ultralow-molecular-weight heparin using collision-induced dissociation. Anal. Chem. 84, 5475–5478 (2012)
Domon, B., Costello, C.E.: A systematic nomenclature for carbohydrate fragmentations in FAB-MS/MS spectra of glycoconjugates. Glycoconj. J. 5, 397–409 (1988)
Budnik, B.A., Haselmann, K.F., Zubarev, R.A.: Electron detachment dissociation of peptide di-anions: an electron–hole recombination phenomenon. Chem. Phys. Lett. 342, 299–302 (2001)
Yang, J., Mo, J., Adamson, J.T., Håkansson, K.: Characterization of oligodeoxynucleotides by electron detachment dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 77, 1876–1882 (2005)
Adamson, J.T., Håkansson, K.: Electron detachment dissociation of neutral and sialylated oligosaccharides. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 18, 2162–2172 (2007)
Huzarska, M., Ugalde, I., Kaplan, D.A., Hartmer, R., Easterling, M.L., Polfer, N.C.: Negative electron transfer dissociation of deprotonated phosphopeptide anions: choice of radical cation reagent and competition between electron and proton transfer. Anal. Chem. 82, 2873–2878 (2010)
Zhang, J.H., Schubothe, K., Li, B.S., Russell, S., Lebrilla, C.B.: Infrared multiphoton dissociation of O-linked mucin-type oligosaccharides. Anal. Chem. 77, 208–214 (2005)
Wolff, J.J., Chi, L., Linhardt, R.J., Amster, I.J.: Distinguishing glucuronic from iduronic acid in glycosaminoglycan tetrasaccharides by using electron detachment dissociation. Anal. Chem. 79, 2015–2022 (2007)
Wolff, J.J., Laremore, T.N., Busch, A.M., Linhardt, R.J., Amster, I.J.: Electron detachment dissociation of dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19, 294–304 (2008)
Wolff, J.J., Laremore, T.N., Busch, A.M., Linhardt, R.J., Amster, I.J.: Influence of charge state and sodium cationization on the electron detachment dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19, 790–798 (2008)
Wolff, J.J., Laremore, T.N., Leach, F.E., Linhardt, R.J., Amster, I.J.: Electron capture dissociation, electron detachment dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation of sucrose octasulfate. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 15, 275–281 (2009)
Wolff, J.J., Amster, I.J., Chi, L., Linhardt, R.J.: Electron detachment dissociation of glycosaminoglycan tetrasaccharides. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 18, 234–244 (2007)
Wolff, J.J., Leach, F.E., Laremore, T.N., Kaplan, D.A., Easterling, M.L., Linhardt, R.J., Amster, I.J.: Negative electron transfer dissociation of glycosaminoglycans. Anal. Chem. 82, 3460–3466 (2010)
Aguilan, J.T., Dayrit, F.M., Zhang, J.H., Ninonuevo, M.R., Lebrilla, C.B.: Structural Analysis of α-carrageenan sulfated oligosaccharides by positive mode Nano-ESI-FTICR-MS and MS/MS by SORI-CID. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 17, 96–103 (2006)
Liu, H., Håkansson, K.: Electron capture dissociation of tyrosine O-sulfated peptides complexed with divalent metal cations. Anal. Chem. 78, 7570–7576 (2006)
Harvey, D.J.: Ionization and collision-induced fragmentation of N-linked and related carbohydrates using divalent cations. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 12, 926–937 (2001)
Cancilla, M.T., Wang, A.W., Voss, L.R., Lebrilla, C.B.: Fragmentation reactions in the mass spectrometry analysis of neutral oligosaccharides. Anal. Chem. 71, 3206–3218 (1999)
Sible, E.M., Brimmer, S.P., Leary, J.A.: Interaction of first row transition metals with a1-2, a1-6 mannotriose and conserved trimannosyl core oligosaccharides: a comparative electrospray ionization study of doubly and singly charged complexes. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 8, 32–42 (1997)
König, S., Leary, J.A.: Evidence for linkage position determination in cobalt coordinated pentasaccharides using ion trap mass spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 9, 1125–1134 (1998)
Hofmeister, G.E., Zhou, Z., Leary, J.A.: Linkage position determination in lithium-cationized disaccharides: tandem mass spectrometry and semi-empirical calculations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 5964–5970 (1991)
Devakumar, A., Mechref, Y., Kang, P., Novotny, M.V., Reilly, J.P.: Identification of isomeric N-glycan structures by mass spectrometry with 157 nm laser-induced photofragmentation. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19, 1027–1040 (2008)
Xie, Y.M., Lebrilla, C.B.: Infrared multiphoton dissociation of alkali metal-coordinated oligosaccharides. Anal. Chem. 75, 1590–1598 (2003)
Lancaster, K.S., An, H.J., Li, B.S., Lebrilla, C.B.: Interrogation of N-linked oligosaccharides using infrared multiphoton dissociation in FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 78, 4990–4997 (2006)
An, H.J., Miyamoto, S., Lancaster, K.S., Kirmiz, C., Li, B., Lam, K.S., Leiserowitz, G.S., Lebrilla, C.B.: Profiling of glycans in serum for the discovery of potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer. J. Proteome Res. 5, 1626–1635 (2006)
Pikulski, M., Hargrove, A., Shabbir, S.H., Anslyn, E.V., Brodbelt, J.S.: Sequencing and characterization of oligosaccharides using infrared multiphoton dissociation and boronic acid derivatization in a quadrupole ion trap. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 18, 2094–2106 (2007)
Harvey, D.J., Naven, T.J.P., Kuster, B., Bateman, R.H., Green, M.R., Critchley, G.: Comparison of fragmentation modes for the structural determination of complex oligosaccharides ionized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 9, 1556–1561 (1995)
Harvey, D.J., Bateman, R.H., Green, B.N.: High-energy collision-induced fragmentation of complex oligosaccharides ionized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 32, 167–187 (1997)
Yu, S., Wu, S., Khoo, K.: Distinctive characteristics of MALDI-Q/TOF and TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry for sequencing of permethylated complex type N-glycans. Glycoconj. J. 23, 355–369 (2006)
Devakumar, A., Thompson, M.S., Reilly, J.P.: Fragmentation of oligosaccharide ions with 157 nm vacuum ultraviolet light. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19, 2313–2320 (2005)
Devakumar, A., Mechref, Y., Kang, P., Novotny, M.V., Reilly, J.P.: Laser-induced photofragmentation of neutral and acidic glycans inside an ion-trap mass spectrometer. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21, 1452–1460 (2007)
McFarland, M.A., Marshall, A.G., Hendrickson, C.L., Nilsson, C.L., Fredman, P., Mansson, J.E.: Structural characterization of the GM1 ganglioside by infrared multiphoton dissociation/electron capture dissociation, and electron detachment dissociation electrospray ionization FT-ICR MS/MS. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 16, 752–762 (2005)
Budnik, B.A., Haselmann, K.F., Elkin, Y.N., Gorbach, V.I., Zubarev, R.A.: Applications of electron-ion dissociation reactions for analysis of polycationic chitooligosaccharides in Fourier Transform mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75, 5994–6001 (2003)
Adamson, J.T., Håkansson, K.: Electron capture dissociation of oligosaccharides ionized with alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals. Anal. Chem. 79, 2901–2910 (2007)
Zhao, C., Xie, B., Chan, S.Y., Costello, C.E., O'Connor, P.B.: Collisionally activated dissociation and electron capture dissociation provide complementary structural information for branched permethylated oligosaccharides. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19, 138–150 (2008)
Liu, H.C., Håkansson, K.: Electron capture dissociation of divalent metal-adducted sulfated oligosaccharides. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 305, 170–177 (2011)
Tsybin, Y.O., Witt, M., Baykut, G., Kjeldsen, F., Håkansson, P.: Combined infrared multiphoton dissociation and electron capture dissociation with a hollow electron beam in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17, 1759–1768 (2003)
Caravatti, P., Allemann, M.: The infinity cell—a new trapped ion cell with radiofrequency covered trapping electrodes for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Org. Mass Spectrom. 26, 514–518 (1991)
Horn, D.M., Ge, Y., McLafferty, F.W.: Activated ion electron capture dissociation for mass spectral sequencing of larger (42 kDa) proteins. Anal. Chem. 72, 4778–4784 (2000)
Senko, M.W., Canterbury, J.D., Guan, S., Marshall, A.G.: A high-performance modular data system for FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10, 1839–1844 (1996)
Ledford Jr., E.B., Rempel, D.L., Gross, M.L.: Space Charge effects in fourier transform mass spectrometry mass calibration. Anal. Chem. 56, 2744–2748 (1984)
Lohmann, K.K., von der Lieth, C.W.: GlycoFragment and GlycoSearchMS: Web tools to support the interpretation of mass spectra of complex carbohydrates. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, W261–W266 (2004)
Green, E.D., Baenziger, J.U.: Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides on lutropin, follitropin, and thyrotropin. 1. Stuctural elucidation of the sulfated and sialylated oligosaccharides on bovine, ovine, and human pituitary glycoprotein hormones. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 25–35 (1988)
Håkansson, K., Cooper, H.J., Emmett, M.R., Costello, C.E., Marshall, A.G., Nilsson, C.L.: Electron capture dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation MS/MS of an N-glycosylated tryptic peptide yield complementary sequence information. Anal. Chem. 73, 4530–4536 (2001)
Stensballe, A., Norregaard-Jensen, O., Olsen, J.V., Haselmann, K., Zubarev, R.A.: Electron capture dissociation of singly and multiply phosphorylated peptides. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14, 1793–1800 (2000)
Shi, S.D.-H., Hemling, M.E., Carr, S.A., Horn, D.M., Lindh, I., McLafferty, F.W.: Phosphopeptide/phosphoprotein mapping by electron capture dissociation mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 73, 19–22 (2001)
Håkansson, K., Chalmers, M.J., Quinn, J.P., McFarland, M.A., Hendrickson, C.L., Marshall, A.G.: Combined electron capture and infrared multiphoton dissociation for multistage MS/MS in an FT-ICR mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 75, 3256–3262 (2003)
Håkansson, K., Hudgins, R.R., Marshall, A.G., O'Hair, R.A.J.: Electron capture dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation of oligodeoxynucleotide dications. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 14, 23–41 (2003)
Yang, J., Håkansson, K.: Fragmentation of oligoribonucleotides from gas-phase ion-electron reactions. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 17, 1369–1375 (2006)
Ge, Y., Lawhorn, B.G., EINaggar, M., Strauss, E., Park, J.H., Begley, T.P., McLafferty, F.W.: Top down characterization of larger proteins (45 kDa) by electron capture dissociation mass spectrometry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 672–678 (2002)
Penn, S.G., Cancilla, M.T., Lebrilla, C.B.: Collision-induced dissociation of branched oligosaccharide ions with analysis and calculation of relative dissociation thresholds. Anal. Chem. 68, 2331–2339 (1996)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Award Number R21CA138331 from the National Cancer Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health. W.Z. was partially supported by a George Ashworth Analytical Chemistry Fellowship from the University of Michigan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOCX 205 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, W., Håkansson, K. Electron Capture Dissociation of Divalent Metal-adducted Sulfated N-Glycans Released from Bovine Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 24, 1798–1806 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-013-0700-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-013-0700-3