Abstract
The pyrethroid τ-fluvalinate is widely used to control Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Acari: Varroidae), a pest mite that can cause colony loss for the western honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae). However, τ-fluvalinate resistance has been reported in V. destructor populations worldwide, and mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) at L1002 (equivalent to L925 in the house fly) are thought to be a major cause. τ-fluvalinate is commonly used in Japanese apiaries for controlling V. destructor; however, a detailed investigation of VGSC mutation(s) has not been yet conducted. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) analysis is used to detect VGSC mutations. Because Varroa mites are haplodiploid with sib-mating, the inbred offspring of heterozygote mothers could be L925 homozygotes. In this study, we optimized PCR–RFLP with two sets of primers to detect L925 alleles precisely. The method could detect L925 homo- and heterozygotes in the Varroa mites in Japanese apiaries. The sequencing of PCR amplicons confirmed these mites had an L925M mutation, which has been reported to cause τ-fluvalinate resistance. Our report of incidences of the L925M mutation suggests that some mites may be resistant to this pyrethroid. (190/200 words)
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Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to all beekeepers for allowing our surveillance and V. destructor collection. We would like to thank Ms. Noriko Takano, Ms. Saori Tsukutani, and Ms. Mai Wakasa for their help with the experiments. We want to thank Mr. Mitsugu Ebihara for surveillance preparation.
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13355_2020_717_MOESM1_ESM.eps
Supplementary Figure 1. Alignment of voltage-gated sodium channels of Varroa mites and those of the house fly (Musca domestica, AAB47604). Figures indicate partial alignments in the regions with sequence variations of VGSC between Tsukuba population (this study) and AAP13992 which is used as Varroa standard. Shaded amino acids indicate variations between AAP13992 and Tsukuba population. Star indicates L1002 position (L925 of house fly). VGSC has 4 hydrophobic domains (DI to DIV) that composed with 6 transmembrane segments (S1 to S6) and an ion pore forming region (P) between S5 and S6 helices. The domains were previously described by Ingles et al (1996) (eps 1280 kb)
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Ogihara, M.H., Kobayashi, E., Morimoto, N. et al. Molecular analysis of voltage-gated sodium channels to assess τ-fluvalinate resistance in Japanese populations of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). Appl Entomol Zool 56, 277–284 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-020-00717-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-020-00717-3