Abstract
Female parasitoids distinguish between host-infested and intact plants using chemical cues; however, the contribution of intact plants to host searching of parasitoids has not been investigated so far. Here, we tested how host-searching behavior of the parasitoid wasp, Cotesia kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was affected by intact maize plants in a wind tunnel. To determine the best color for material to create a plant model, we observed flight responses of female wasps to paper plant models of four different colors. Wasps tended to land more frequently on green models than other models. Therefore, a green paper model was used for subsequent experiments. In a no-choice test, female wasps showed higher landing rates on a paper plant model treated with herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) than on an intact plant. Moreover, in two-choice tests, wasps preferred the plant model with HIPVs over an intact plant with HIPVs. Intact plants seem to deter C. kariyai females. Our findings suggest that information from intact plants also contributes to the host-searching behavior of females in the natural environment.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Prof. Hiroshi Honda, Prof. DeMar Taylor, and Assoc. Prof. Seiichi Furukawa for their helpful comments and advice on this study. We also thank Prof. Junji Takabayashi for supplying the colony of Cotesia kariyai. We are grateful to Ms. Rumi Yoshimura for her help and support in conducting this study. This research did not receive any grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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Supplementary file1. Online Resource 1 Reflectance spectra of colored papers, infested plants, and intact plants used in these experiments. (PPTX 102 kb)
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Isono, K., Kuramitsu, K. & Kainoh, Y. Deterrent effects of intact plants on host-searching behavior of parasitoid wasps. Appl Entomol Zool 55, 199–204 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-020-00669-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-020-00669-8