Abstract
We report data collected over the entire course of an outbreak of jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), between 1984 and 1988 at 12 plots in Manitoba. The positive relationship between the level of defoliation, used as a proxy for population density, and the abundance of eggs suggests local reproduction by females. The density of pollen cones apparently reduced larval fitness in 1986, when flowers were least abundant, but had limited impact in other years when pollen cones were abundant; this suggests that the relative abundance of pollen cones is more likely to influence the termination of an outbreak than its onset. Considering the conditions that prevail at the onset of the outbreak (low defoliation combined with a high abundance of eggs), a predictive tool may be developed to anticipate outbreaks of jack pine budworm based on environmental conditions that are conducive to high survival and/or fecundity of females.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Batzer HO, Jennings DT (1980) Numerical analysis of a jack pine budworm outbreak in various densities of jack pine. Environ Entomol 9:514–524
Clancy KM, Giese RL, Benjamin DM (1980) Predicting jack-pine budworm infestations in northwestern Wisconsin. Environ Entomol 9:743–751
Dixon JC, Benjamin DM (1963) Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. J Econ Entomol 56:266–270
Fettes JJ (1950) Investigations of sampling techniques for population studies of the spruce budworm on balsam fir in Ontario. Annu Rep For Insect Lab Sault Sainte Marie 14:163–401
Foltz JL, Knigth FB, Allen DC (1972) Numerical analysis of population fluctuations of the jack pine budworm. Ann Entomol Soc Am 65:82–89
Liebhold A, Koenig WD, Bjørnstad ON (2004) Spatial synchrony in population dynamics. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:467–490
McCullough DG (2000) A review of factors affecting the population dynamics of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman). Popul Ecol 42:243–256
McNeil JN (1987) The true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta: a victim of the pied piper or a seasonal migrant? Insect Sci Appl 8:591–597
Nealis VG (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Ontario, 1985–1987. Can Entomol 123:1065–1075
Nealis VG (1995) Population biology of the jack pine budworm. In: Volney WJA, Nealis VJ, Howse GM, Westwood AR, McCulough DR, Laishley BL (eds) Jack pine budworm biology and management. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Information Report NOR-X-342, pp 55–71
Nealis VG, Lomic PV (1994) Host-plant influence on the population ecology of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Ecol Entomol 19:367–373
Nealis VG, Lomic PV, Meating JH (1997) Forecasting defoliation by the jack pine budworm. Can J For Res 27:1154–1158
Nealis VG, Magnusssen S, Hopkin AA (2003) A lagged, density-dependent relationship between jack pine budworm Choristoneura pinus pinus and its host tree Pinus banksiana. Ecol Entomol 28:183–192
Price PW, Cobb TP, Craig G, Wilson Fernandes JK, Itami S, Mopper S, Preszler RM (1990) Insect herbivore population dynamics on trees and shrubs: new approaches relevant to latent and eruptive species and life table development. In: Bernays EA (ed) Insect–plant interactions, vol II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–38
Rhainds M, Davis DR, Price PW (2009) Bionomics of bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Annu Rev Entomol 54:209–226
Rhainds M, Kettela EG, Silk PJ (2012) Thirty-five years of pheromone-based mating disruption studies with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Can Entomol (in press)
Volney WJA (1988) Analysis of historic jack pine budworm outbreaks in the prairie provinces of Canada. Can J For Res 18:1152–1158
Volney WJA, McCullough DG (1994) Jack pine budworm populations behaviour in northwestern Wisconsin. Can J For Res 24:502–510
Acknowledgments
We thank the departmental and seasonal staff of Forest Health and Renewal (Manitoba) for their dedication and assistance in gathering the data and L. Dunford for managing the database.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rhainds, M., Pines, I. & Thurston, G. Anatomy of an outbreak of jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Appl Entomol Zool 47, 119–123 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-012-0097-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-012-0097-7