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Theories on formation of an anomalous anticyclone in western North Pacific during El Niño: A review

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Abstract

The western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone (WNPAC) is an important atmospheric circulation system that conveys El Niño impact on East Asian climate. In this review paper, various theories on the formation and maintenance of the WNPAC, including warm pool atmosphere–ocean interaction, Indian Ocean capacitor, a combination mode that emphasizes nonlinear interaction between ENSO and annual cycle, moist enthalpy advection/Rossby wave modulation, and central Pacific SST forcing, are discussed. It is concluded that local atmosphere–ocean interaction and moist enthalpy advection/Rossby wave modulation mechanisms are essential for the initial development and maintenance of the WNPAC during El Niño mature winter and subsequent spring. The Indian Ocean capacitor mechanism does not contribute to the earlier development but helps maintain the WNPAC in El Niño decaying summer. The cold SST anomaly in the western North Pacific, although damped in the summer, also plays a role. An interbasin atmosphere–ocean interaction across the Indo-Pacific warm pool emerges as a new mechanism in summer. In addition, the central Pacific cold SST anomaly may induce the WNPAC during rapid El Niño decaying/La Niña developing or La Niña persisting summer. The near-annual periods predicted by the combination mode theory are hardly detected from observations and thus do not contribute to the formation of the WNPAC. The tropical Atlantic may have a capacitor effect similar to the tropical Indian Ocean.

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  1. Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China

    Tim Li & Bin Wang

  2. International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    Tim Li & Bin Wang

  3. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Bo Wu & Tianjun Zhou

  4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Tianjun Zhou

  5. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, 93943, USA

    Chih-Pei Chang

  6. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China

    Renhe Zhang

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Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2017YFA0603802 and 2015CB453200), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41630423, 41475084, 41575043, and 41375095), United States National Science Foundation (AGS-1565653), Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation Key Project (BK20150062), Jiangsu Shuang-Chuang Team Fund (R2014SCT001), and Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD). This is SOEST contribution number 10280, IPRC contribution number 1297, and ESMC contribution 196.

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Li, T., Wang, B., Wu, B. et al. Theories on formation of an anomalous anticyclone in western North Pacific during El Niño: A review. J Meteorol Res 31, 987–1006 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-7147-6

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