Abstract
The Geotechnical Monitoring System (GTMS) based on Distributed Temperature and Strain Sensing has been used for more than 15 years to mitigate geohazards along pipeline-crossing regions as distinct as tropical mountain ranges and the far north. The gained experience can be extended to similar infrastructures such as highways, railways, power cables or waterways. The present work reviews the optical fiber technology, the challenges and outcomes of the monitoring. It also draws a general applicable methodology. Different cases are reviewed, demonstrating the variety of geohazards that can be detected at an early stage.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lee EM (2009) Landslide risk assessment: the challenge of estimating the probability of landsliding. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 42:445–458
Bruce I (2004) Estimating the influence of natural hazards on pipeline risk and system reliability. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, October 4–8, paper IPC04–0238
Lee EM, Audibert JME, Hengesh JV, Nyman DJ (2009) Landslide-related ruptures of the Camisea pipeline system, Peru. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 42:251–259
Hearn G, Wise D, Hart A, Morgan C, O’Donnell N (2012) Assessing the potential for future first-time slope failures to impact the oil and gas pipeline corridor through the Makarov Mountains, Sakhalin Island, Russia. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 45:79–88
Dzyuba S, Chepkasov A, Savchenkov S (2012) Experience of designing natural gas transmission pipelines in super challenging geological and environmental conditions of eastern siberia and the far east. In: 25th World Gas Conference, Kuala Lumpur
Palmer AC, Williams PJ (2003) Frost heave and pipeline upheaval buckling. Can Geotech J 40:1033–1038
Det Norske Veritas (2007) Global buckling of submarine pipelines–structural design due to high temperature/high pressure. DNV-RP-F110
Winter MG, Dixon N, Wasowski J, Dijkstra TA (2010) Introduction to land-use and climate change impacts on landslides. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 43:367–370
Gasca A, Gutierrez E (2013) The challenge of crossing the Andes: a data base analysis and Peru LNG Project Description. In: 1st International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference, Bogotá, Colombia, Paper IPG2013–1951
Malpartida J, Oliveros F, Massucco G (2012) Integration of monitoring and inspection systems for geohazard assessment on pipelines that cross Amazonian Jungles and the Andes. In: 9th International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Paper IPC2012–90501
Oliveros F, Leynaud F (2013) Integral management of risk: from a corrective to a preventive approach. In: 1st International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference, Bogotá, Colombia, Paper IPG2013–1921
Malpartida J, Massucco G (2014) Alternative geohazard risk assessment and monitoring for pipelines with limited access: Amazon jungle example. In: 10th International Pipeline Conference Calgary, Alberta, Canada, paper IPC2014–33628
Bründl M, Pütz M (2020)Beyond our realm of experience. Diagonal WSL Magazine, No.2, vol 20, pp 4–22
DECRETO SUPREMO N° 034–2010-MTC, Normas Legales, El Peruano, Lima, sábado 24 de julio 2010
Ravet F, Briffod F, Niklès M (2008) Extended distance fiber optic monitoring for pipeline Leak and ground movement detection. In: International Pipeline Conference 2008, Calgary, paper IPC2008–64521
Barnoski MK, Jensen SM (1976) Fiber waveguides: a novel technique for investigating attenuation characteristic. Appl Opt 15:2112–2115
Froggatt M, Moore J (1998) High-spatial-resolution distributed strain measurement in optical fiber with Rayleigh scatter. Appl Opt 37:1735–1740
Koyamada Y, Imahama M, Kubota K, Hogari K (2009) Fiber-optic distributed strain and temperature sensing with very high measurand resolution over long range using coherent OTDR. J Lightwave Technol JEL-27:1142–1146
Fernández-Ruiz MR, Costa L, Martins HF (2019) Distributed acoustic sensing using chirped-pulse phase-sensitive OTDR technology. Sensors 19:4368
Dakin JP, Pratt DJ, Bibby GW, Ross JN (1988) Distributed optical fiber Raman temperature sensor using a semiconductor light source and detectors. Electron Lett 21:569–570
Gogolla T, Kreber K (2000) Distributed beat length measurement in single-mode optical fibers using stimulated brillouin-scattering and frequency-domain analysis. J Lightwave Technol 19:320–328
Bao X, Webb DJ, Jackson DA (1993) 22-km distributed temperature sensor using Brillouin gain in an optical fiber. Opt Lett 18:552–554
Niklès M, Thévenaz L, Robert PH (1997) Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers. J Lightwave Technol 15:1842–1851
Garus D, Gogolla T, Krebber K, Schliep F (1997) Brillouin optical fiber frequency-domain analysis for distributed temperature and strain measurements. J Lightwave Technol 15:654–662
Niklès M, Thévenaz L, Robert PH (1996) Simple distributed fiber sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis. Opt Lett 21(10):758–760
Gyger F, Chin S, Rochat E, Niklès M, Ravet F (2014) Ultra long range DTS (>300 km) to support deep offshore and long tieback developments. In: 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 2014, San Francisco, PAPER OMAE2014–24019
Niklès M (2007) Fibre optic distributed scattering sensing system: perspectives and challenges for high performance applications. In: Cutolo A, Culshaw B, Lopez-Higuera JM (eds) 3rd European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6619, 66190D
IEC 61757-1 Ed. 2.0: Fibre optic sensors—Part 1: Generic specification; IEC 61757-2-2 Fibre optic sensors—Part 2-2: Temperature measurement—distributed sensing; IEC 61757-1-2: Fibre Optic Sensors—Part 1–2: Strain measurement–distributed sensing
Hartog AH (2017) An introduction to distributed fiber optic sensors. Series in fiber optic sensors. CRC Press
ITU-T G.652 (11/2016) Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable
IEC 60793-1-1:2017 Optical fibres - Part 1-1: Measurement methods and test procedures - General and guidance
IEC 60794-1-3:2017 Optical fibre cables - Part 1-3: Generic specification - Optical cable elements
Iten M, Ravet F, Niklès M, Facchini M, Hertig TH, Hauswirth D, Puzrin A (2009) Soil-embedded fiber optic strain sensors for detection of differential soil displacements. In: Proc. of 4th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring on Intelligent Infrastructure (SHMII-4), 22–24 July 2009, Zurich, Switzerland
Du Toit D, Ryan K, Rice J, Bay J, Ravet F (2015) Analysis of strain sensor cable models and effective deployments for distributed fiber optical geotechnical monitoring system. In: Proc. of the 2nd International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference, Bogotá, Colombia, Paper IPG2015–8520
Risch BG, Lovie R, Roland D, Rochat E, Du Toit D (2015) Optical fiber cable design for distributed pipeline sensing and data transmission. In: Proc. of the International Wire and Cable Sysmposium, IWCS, Paper 0582-000070
Ravet F, Ortiz EG, Peterson B, Hoglund G, Niklès M (2011) Geohazard prevention with online continuous fiber optic monitoring. In: Proc. of the Rio Pipeline Conference and Exposition, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Paper IBP1277_11
Ravet F, Borda C, Rochat E, Niklès M (2013) Geohazard prevention and pipeline deformation monitoring using distributed optical fiber sensing. In: International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference, Bogotá, Colombia, Paper IBP2013–1908
Ravet F, Niklès M, Rochat E (2017) A decade of pipeline geotechnical monitoring using distributed fiber optic monitoring technology. In: Proc. of the 3rd International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference, Lima, Peru, Paper IPG2017–2503
Iten M, Puzrin AM, Schmid A (2008) Landslide monitoring using a road-embedded optical fiber sensor. In: Wolfgang E, Kara JP, Norbert GM (eds) Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems 2008, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6933, 693315
Artières O, Beck YL, Khan AA, Cunat P, Fry JJ, Courivaud JR, Guidoux C, Pinettes P (2010) Assessment of dams and dikes behavior with a fibre optics based monitoring solution. In: 2nd Conference on dam rehabilitation and Maintenance, 23–25 November, Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 79–86
Inaudi D, Cottone I, Figini A (2013) Monitoring dams and levees with distributed fiber optic sensing. In: The 6th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure, Hong Kong
Glišić B, Inaudi D (2008) Fibre optic methods for structural health monitoring. Wiley
Highland LM, Bobrowski P (2008) The landslide handbook—a guide to understanding landslides. Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1325, 129p
Hillel D (1982) Introduction to soil physics. Academic Press, San Diego
Ravet F, Silva C, Gil R, Maguire S, Rochat E (2020) Sand dune migration monitoring for pipeline hazard risk mitigation: the peru LNG coastal section case. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2020, International Pipeline Conference and Exposition, IPC 2020, September 28-October 2, 2020, Calgary, AB, Canada, IPC2020–9247.
Ravet F, Silva C, Gil R, Maguire S, Rochat E (2020) Erosion risk mitigation with DTS based monitoring system. In: Proceedings of the ADIPEC 2020 Conference, paper SPE-202654-MS
Ravet F, Chin S, Briffod F, Rochat E (2019) Simple method for DTS/DSS data interpretation: an application to pipeline geotechnical monitoring. In: Proceedings of the International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference IPG2019, Paper IPG2019–5332, June 25–27, 2019, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Silva C, Ravet F (2017) Pipeline monitoring with geotechnical optical fiber. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2017 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference IPG2017, paper IPG2017–2510, July 25–26, 2017, Lima, Peru
Verruijt A (2004) Soil mechanics, 7th edn. Delft University of Technology
Timoshenko SP, Goodier JN (1970) Theory of elasticity. McGraw Hill, New York
Buchoud E, Vrabie V, Mars J, D’Urso G, Girard A, Blairon S, Henault JM (2015) Quantification of submillimeter displacements by distributed optical fiber sensors. In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, No2, Vol. 65, pp1–10
Borda C, Niklès M, Rochat E, Grechanov A, Naumov A, Velikodnev V (2012) Continuous real-time pipeline deformation, 3D positioning and ground movement monitoring along the Sakhalin-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok pipeline. In: International Pipeline Conference 2012, Calgary, paper IPC2012–90476
Lanan G, Cowin T, Hazen B, Maguire D, Hall JD, Perry C (2008) Oooguruk offshore arctic flowline design and construction. In: Offshore Technology Conference, Paper OTC2008- 19353
Eisler B, Lanan G, Niklès M, Zuckerman L (2008) Distributed fiber optic temperature sensing system for buried subsea arctic pipelines. In: Deep Offshore Technology International Conference & Exhibition, DOT’08, Houston (USA)
Ravet F, Børnes A, Borda C, Tjåland E, Hilde H, Nikles M (2012) DEH cable system preventive protection with distributed temperature and strain sensors. In: Proceedings of IPC 2012, Paper IPC2012–90275
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to warmly thank Omnisens team for the continuous and sustained support in the execution of all projects. Furthermore, the authors are grateful to all partners that helped them develop these projects. In particular, they would like to acknowledge the fruitful cooperation and appreciated feedbacks from Hunt LOC/Peru LNG, COGA/TGP, Techint, Wood Group, MDNTECH, Ienova, TAP.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ravet, F., Briffod, F., Goy, A. et al. Mitigation of geohazard risk along transportation infrastructures with optical fiber distributed sensing. J Civil Struct Health Monit 11, 967–988 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-021-00492-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-021-00492-x