Abstract
This paper presents results of an extensive experimental campaign carried out during the construction phases of a base-isolated bridge across the Potenza river in central Italy. The structure is constituted by a half-through steel arch bridge composed by two coupled weathering steel tubular arches sustained by thirty couples of hangers and by two approaching viaducts. The bridge has a continuous twin-girder steel–concrete composite deck. During construction, impact load tests were carried out on hangers as well as on other tie elements to estimate their tension force from the relevant resonance frequencies. During the proof test, relative displacements occurred between the upper and lower plates of the seismic isolators are measured for different loading conditions. In addition, ambient vibration tests are performed during the final static load tests to investigate the bridge dynamics subjected to different loading conditions. Comparisons of test results with the numerical predicted values contributed to evaluate the consistency between the design and the real structure at different construction stages. Dynamic identification tests contributed to identify the significance of the truck–bridge interaction in the interpretation of the bridge dynamics evaluated experimentally.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lantsoght EOL, van der Veen C, de Boer A, Hordijk DA (2017) State-of-the-art on load testing of concrete bridges. Eng Struct 150:2131–2241
Dall’Asta A, Ragni L, Zona A, Nardini L, Salvatore W (2016) Design and experimental analysis of an externally prestressed steel and concrete footbridge equipped with vibration mitigation devices. J Bridge Eng 21(8):C5015001
EN-1990, EC0 (1990) Basis of structural design. European Community for Standardization, Brussels
EN1992-2 (2005) Eurocode 2: design of concrete structures—Part 2: concrete bridges—design and detailing rules. European Community for Standardization, Brussels
EN1993-2 (2006) Eurocode 3: design of steel structures—Part 2: steel bridges. European Community for Standardization, Brussels
AASHTO (2011) The manual for bridge evaluation. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington
Research Institute of Roads and Bridges (2008) The rules for road bridges proof loadings. RIRB, Warsaw (in Polish)
Ministerio de Fomento Direccion General de Carreteras (1999) Recomendaciones para la realización de pruebas de carga de repectión en punetes de carretera. Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid
SIA (2011) Existing structures—bases for examination and interventions SIA 505 269:2011, SIA Schweizerischer Ingenieur und Architecktenverein. Zurich (in German)
D.M.14.01.2008, Approvazione delle nuove norme tecniche per le costruzioni, Ministero delle Infrastrutture, G.U. n.29, 04.02.2008 (in Italian)
D.M.17.01.2018, Aggiornamento delle « Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni » , Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti, G.U. n.42, 20.02.2018 (in Italian)
Circolare 21.01.2019, n.7, Istruzioni per l’applicazione dell’ « Aggiornamento delle “Norme tecniche per le costruzioni” » , di cui al D.M. 17 gennaio 2018. Consiglio Superiore dei Lavori Pubblici, G.U.—supplemento ordinario n.5, 11.02.2019 (in Italian)
Clemente P, Marulo F, Lecce L, Bifulco A (1998) Experimental modal analysis of the Garigliano cable-stayed bridge. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 17(7–8):485–493
Gara Fabrizio, Regni Marco, Roia Davide, Carbonari Sandro, Dezi Francesca (2019) Evidence of coupled soil-structure interaction and site response in continuous viaducts from ambient vibration tests. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 120:408–422
Conte JP, He X, Moaveni B, Masri SF, Caffrey JP, Wahbeh M, Tasbihgoo F, Elgamal DH, Whang A (2008) Dynamic testing of Alfred Zampa memorial bridge. J Struct Eng 134(6):1006–1015
Zonta D, Glisic B, Adriaenssens S (2014) Value of information: impact of monitoring on decision-making. Struct Control Health Monit 21(7):1043–1056
Cabboi A, Magalhães F, Gentile C, Cunha Á (2017) Automated modal identification and tracking: application to an iron arch bridge. Struct Control Health Monit 24(1):e1854
Rainieri C, Gargaro D, Fabbrocino G, Maddaloni G, Di Sarno L, Prota A, Manfredi G (2018) Shaking table tests for the experimental verification of the effectiveness of an automated modal parameter monitoring system for existing bridges in seismic areas. Struct Control Health Monit 25(7):e2165
Cunha Á, Caetano E, Magalhães F, Moutinho C (2018) Dynamic identification and continuous dynamic monitoring of bridges: different applications along bridges life cycle. Struct Infrastruct Eng 14(4):445–467
Cao WJ, Koha CG, Smith IFC (2019) Enhancing static-load-test identification of bridges using dynamic data. Eng Struct 186:410–420
Bayraktar A, Türker T, Tadla J, Kurşun A, Erdiş A (2017) Static and dynamic field load testing of the long span Nissibi cable-stayed bridge. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 94:136–157
Cantero D, Gonzales A, Obrien E (2011) Comparison of bridge dynamic amplifications due to articulated 5-axle trucks and large cranes. Baltic J Road Bridge Eng 6(1):39–47
Brady SP, O’Brien EJ (2006) Effect of vehicle velocity on the dynamic amplification of two vehicles crossing a simply supported bridge. J Bridge Eng 11(2):250–256
Lak MA, Degrande G, Lombaert G (2011) The effect of road unevenness on the dynamic vehicle response and ground-borne vibrations due to road traffic. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31(10):1357–1377
Cantero D, Hester D, Brownjohn J (2017) Evolution of bridge frequencies and modes of vibration during truck. Eng Struct 152:452–464
Paraskeva TS, Dimitrakopoulos EG, Zeng Q (2017) Dynamic vehicle-bridge interaction under simultaneous vertical earthquake excitation. Bull Earthq Eng 15:71–95
Kameshwar S, Padgett JE (2018) Effect of vehicle bridge interaction on seismic response and fragility of bridges. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 47:697–713
Tsai MH (2008) Transverse earthquake response analysis of a seismically isolated regular bridge with partial restraint. Eng Struct 30(2):393–403
Tubaldi E, Dall’Asta A (2012) Transverse free vibrations of continuous bridges with abutment restraint. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 41(9):1319–1340. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1190. ISSN: 0098-8847, eISSN: 1096-9845
Tubaldi E, Dall’Asta A, Dezi L (2015) Seismic response analysis of continuous multispan bridges with partial isolation. Shock Vib 2015:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/183756
Tubaldi E, Dall’Asta A (2011) A design method for seismically isolated bridges with abutment restraint. Eng Struct 33(3):786–795. ISSN: 0141-0296
Tubaldi E, Dall’Asta A, Dezi L (2013) Reduced formulation for post-elastic seismic response of dual-load path bridges/ Eng Struct 51:178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.12.026. ISSN: 0141-0296
National Instruments (1997) LabVIEW signal processing course manual. National Instruments Corporate Headquarters
Cantieni R (2005) Experimental methods used in system identification of civil engineering structures. In: Proceedings of the 1st international operational modal analysis conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp 249–260 (2005)
Juang J-N (1994) Applied system identification. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Van Overschee P, De Moor B (1996) Subspace identification for linear systems: theory, implementation, applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Allemang RJ, Brown DL (1982) A correlation coefficient for modal vector analysis. In; Proceedings of the 1st International Modal Analysis Conference, Bethel, CT, USA, pp 110–115
SAP2000 advanced (2009) (v15.0.0) Static and dynamic finite element analysis of structures. CSI Computer & Structures, Inc, Berkeley
Buckingham E (1914) On physically similar systems; illustrations of the use of dimensional equations. Phys Rev 4(4):345–376
Den Hartog JP (1956) Mechanical vibrations. McGrow-Hill, New York
El Madany MM (1988) Design and optimization of truck suspensions using covariance analysis. Comput Struct 8(2):241–246
Peeters B, Olofsson M, Nilsson P (2007) Test-based dynamic characterizing of a complete truck by Operational Modal Analysis. In: Proceedings of IOMAC 2007, the international operational modal analysis conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1–2 May 2007
Peeters B, Servaye, JS, De Cock J (2008) Truck applications of operational modal analysis. In: Conference proceedings of the society for experimental mechanics series, 26th conference and exposition on structural dynamics 2008, IMAC-XXVI; Orlando, FL, USA; 4–7 Feb 2008
Swaminathan B, Sharma B, Allemang RJ, Chauhan S (2008) Modal studies on a truck frame and suspension. In: 23rd international conference on noise and vibration engineering, ISMA 2008, vol 5, Leuven, Belgium; 15–17 Sept 2008, pp 2593–2608
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gara, F., Nicoletti, V., Carbonari, S. et al. Dynamic monitoring of bridges during static load tests: influence of the dynamics of trucks on the modal parameters of the bridge. J Civil Struct Health Monit 10, 197–217 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-019-00376-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-019-00376-1