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Nanotherapeutics in autophagy: a paradigm shift in cancer treatment

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Abstract

Autophagy is a catabolic process in which an organism responds to its nutrient or metabolic emergencies. It involves the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles by forming double-membrane vesicles called “autophagosomes.” They sequester cargoes, leading them to degradation in the lysosomes. Although autophagy acts as a protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis through cellular recycling, it is ostensibly a cause of certain cancers, but a cure for others. In other words, insufficient autophagy, due to genetic or cellular dysfunctions, can lead to tumorigenesis. However, many autophagy modulators are developed for cancer therapy. Diverse nanoparticles have been documented to induce autophagy. Also, the highly stable nanoparticles show blockage to autophagic flux. In this review, we revealed a general mechanism by which autophagy can be induced or blocked via nanoparticles as well as several studies recently performed to prove the stated fact. In addition, we have also elucidated the paradoxical roles of autophagy in cancer and how their differential role at different stages of various cancers can affect its treatment outcomes. And finally, we summarize the breakthroughs in cancer disease treatments by using metallic, polymeric, and liposomal nanoparticles as potent autophagy modulators.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to the Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, for providing infrastructure facilities. Dulla Naveen Kumar is thankful to SERB for providing financial assistance in terms of JRF in one of the SERB sponsored projects (SRG/2019/000150).

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India

    Shloka Negi, Aiswarya Chaudhuri, Dulla Naveen Kumar, Deepa Dehari, Sanjay Singh & Ashish Kumar Agrawal

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Shloka Negi was involved in literature search and writing of article; Aiswarya Chaudhuri sketched images and structured the article; Dulla Naveen Kumar formatted the tables; Deepa Dehari compiled the data; Sanjay Singh corrected and restructured the article; Ashish Kumar Agrawal took part in literature search, refinement, and improvement of article.

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Negi, S., Chaudhuri, A., Kumar, D.N. et al. Nanotherapeutics in autophagy: a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res. 12, 2589–2612 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-022-01125-6

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