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Recent technological advancements in stem cell research for targeted therapeutics

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Abstract

Stem cells have characteristic features of self-renewal, pluripotency and differentiation, which are responsible for replenishment of tissue or organ. Stem cells are potentiated as therapeutic tool in drug targeting and regenerative medicine—from curing various neurological diseases and malignancies to congenital diseases. These technological advancements have established stem cells as future of medicine. However, due to ethico-social limitations, the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has been avoided, while physiological availability of adult stem cells (ASCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has gained appropriate preference. These iPSCs are very much similar to ESCs in terms of their self-renewal and pluripotency. Here, we have summarized the technologies that have established stem cells isolation, their molecular marker and factors responsible for their maintenance. Different cellular (transcription factors, regulatory proteins, miRNA like miRNA-296, miRNA-145, etc.) and extracellular components transcend stem cell fate. Their identification and characterization involve development and efficient utilization of tools like magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Some of the technologies have been patented and spin-off’s based on them have been commercialized. In conclusion, we present the future scope and possibilities that stem cell technologies behold for us.

Pictorial representation of therapeutic approaches for disease treatment using stem cell technology. Disease-specific adult stem cells are isolated along with niche cells by utilizing tools like FACS/MACS/LCM, etc. Thereafter, cells are reprogrammed through introduction of Yamanaka factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-myc, Klf4) to make induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs). The disease-specific iPSCs undergo genetic modification after delivery of therapeutic gene through retroviral vehicle. The genetically modified cells are introduced back in person with disease for therapeutic effects. FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting; MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting; LCM, laser capture microdissection; Oct3/4, octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4; Sox2, sex determining region Y-box 2; Klf4, Kruppel-like factor 4.

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Funding

AKS, SKS and VG acknowledges Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India for internal grants. NR acknowledges University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India for Junior Research Fellowship. BG and SCK would like to acknowledge Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India for funding. VG acknowledges Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, India for funding under Empowerment and Equity Opportunities for Excellence in Science scheme (EMEQ/2019/000025).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Nilesh Rai, Anurag Kumar Singh, Santosh Kumar Singh & Vibhav Gautam

  2. Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India

    Bhaskar Gaurishankar & Swapnil C. Kamble

  3. Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

    Pradeep Mishra

  4. Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

    Deepak Kotiya

  5. Chemical Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, India

    Suvakanta Barik

  6. Department of Botany, Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Neelam Atri

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  1. Nilesh Rai
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  2. Anurag Kumar Singh
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  3. Santosh Kumar Singh
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  4. Bhaskar Gaurishankar
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Correspondence to Vibhav Gautam.

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Rai, N., Singh, A.K., Singh, S.K. et al. Recent technological advancements in stem cell research for targeted therapeutics. Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res. 10, 1147–1169 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-020-00766-9

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