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Urgences chez le patient opéré d’une chirurgie de l’obésité

Bariatric emergencies after surgery

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Annales françaises de médecine d'urgence

Résumé

Le taux de réadmission après chirurgie bariatrique est compris entre 6 et 21 % la première année postopératoire. Ces réadmissions sont précoces pour un tiers d’entre elles, mais peuvent survenir plusieurs années après l’intervention. Les complications chirurgicales, qui dépendent du type d’intervention, comprennent les occlusions (par sténose anastomotique, hernie interne), les accidents infectieux (abcès, perforation, fistule), les hémorragies (sur ligne d’agrafes, ou sur ulcère), les complications de paroi ou du matériel implanté (bascule et migration intragastrique de l’anneau, déconnexion de tubulure). Cinq préoccupations médicales dominent : l’embolie pulmonaire et la défaillance cardiaque en postopératoire précoce, l’anémie par déglobulisation, la déshydratation et les troubles ioniques, et quel que soit le délai après l’intervention, les redoutables carences en vitamines, notamment du groupe B, évoquées devant tout signe neuropsychiatrique ou neurologique, en particulier devant des troubles sensitifs et cérébelleux. Les difficultés diagnostiques sont liées à la corpulence rendant l’examen clinique et les résultats d’imagerie souvent peu contributifs. Deux règles doivent être retenues : 1) toute tachycardie supérieure à 120 /min, toute gêne respiratoire non expliquée par une atteinte cardiorespiratoire, tout sepsis, toute agitation, toute douleur abdominale ou tout vomissement non liés à une erreur diététique, doivent évoquer une complication chirurgicale ; 2) dans ce cas de suspicion de complication chirurgicale (fuite anastomotique ou d’occlusion sur hernie interne), l’avis du chirurgien est rapidement nécessaire pour qu’il décide d’une éventuelle exploration chirurgicale laparoscopique en urgence, dont le délai conditionne le pronostic (nécrose intestinale, décès).

Abstract

The rate of admission in the emergency department during the first year after bariatric surgery is around 6 and 21%. One third of these emergency admissions occur within the first weeks after surgery, whereas others may happen many years after. The surgical complications depend on the type of surgery, and include: occlusions (anastomotic stenosis, internal hernia), hemorrhage (suture, ulcer), septic problem (abscess, fistula, and perforation), parietal complications or complications of the device (banding move or intragastric migration, tube disjunction). Five medical complications are of most concern: pulmonary embolism and cardiac dysfunction the first days after surgery; anemia because of bleeding; dehydration and ionic troubles; micronutrient deficiencies and particularly group B vitamins that should be suspected once neurologic or neuropsychiatric signs are present. Problems associated with the management of obese patient add to the difficulties of interpretation of symptoms, physical examination and radiologic results during emergency admissions. A bariatric emergency should be suspected if tachycardia is above 120 beats/min with sepsis, dyspnea or agitation, if abdominal pain or vomiting occurred and cannot be explained by diet, and required a surgical consulting. If anastomotic link or occlusion on internal hernia is suspected, explorative surgery should be performed urgently, given prognosis (death and intestine necrosis in particular) depends on timely surgery.

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Correspondence to C. Ciangura.

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Ciangura, C., Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Poitou-Bernert, C. et al. Urgences chez le patient opéré d’une chirurgie de l’obésité. Ann. Fr. Med. Urgence 2, 243–252 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13341-012-0216-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13341-012-0216-7

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