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Changes in subjective sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes who did not use Sleep agents: a cross-sectional study according to age and clinical background

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Abstract

Aim

Diabetes and aging are both well-established risk factors for insomnia. Therefore, we investigated the changes in subjective sleep quality in relation to clinical backgrounds and age in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 380 participants with T2DM who were between 18 and 79 years of age from our outpatient clinics. Individuals with any symptoms and medical histories associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were excluded from the interview and analyses. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, namely the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Morning-Evening Questionnaire (MEQ), as well as medical records and blood samples. We performed stratified analyses according to age decades.

Results

The number of patients in the age groups (in years) was as follows: < 50 (n = 69), 50–60 (n = 52), 60–70 (n = 138), and 70–80 (n = 121). PSQI score was highest in the < 50 group (4.99 ± 2.40), and significantly decreased with age (p < 0.05). Body mass index (BMI) was also highest in the < 50 group (25.5 ± 4.8 kg/m2), and markedly decreased with age (p < 0.01). Interestingly, BMI was significantly correlated with the PSQI score (rs = 0.157, p < 0.05). We also found that younger patients had shorter sleep duration, stronger daytime sleepiness, and a tendency for the evening type.

Conclusion

Younger T2DM patients had poorer sleep quality and higher BMI. Our findings suggest that insomnia should be accounted for as a potential comorbidity when examining or treating patients with T2DM and obesity even in the younger population.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Shuki Usui, Hiroshi Yoshino, and Ken Kanazawa, as well as all the staff of the outpatient clinic for their help in collecting data for this study. We also thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.

Funding

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI, Grant Number 18K07481.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan

    Fukumi Yoshikawa, Naoki Kumashiro, Fumika Shigiyama, Masahiko Miyagi, Yasuyo Ando, Hiroshi Uchino & Takahisa Hirose

Authors
  1. Fukumi Yoshikawa
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  2. Naoki Kumashiro
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  3. Fumika Shigiyama
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  4. Masahiko Miyagi
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  6. Hiroshi Uchino
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  7. Takahisa Hirose
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Takahisa Hirose.

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Conflict of interest

T. Hirose received research funds from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd.; and received lecture fees from Sanofi K.K., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, MSD K.K., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kowa Company, Limited, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. N. Kumashiro received research funds from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and lecture fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Sanofi K.K., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd. None of the funding agencies had any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Human and animal rights

The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Toho University Omori Medical Center (Approval no. #M19093; Approval date: August 29, 2019). This study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and current legal regulations in Japan.

Informed consent

Prior to enrollment in the survey, all eligible participants were informed about this study in written form, and the answer to the questionnaire was considered consent to enrollment.

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Yoshikawa, F., Kumashiro, N., Shigiyama, F. et al. Changes in subjective sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes who did not use Sleep agents: a cross-sectional study according to age and clinical background. Diabetol Int 13, 142–147 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-021-00516-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-021-00516-3

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