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Potential role of human papillomavirus proteins associated with the development of cancer

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Abstract

Papillomaviruses are viruses with double-stranded DNA that are epitheliotropic and non-enveloped that infects cutaneous epithelial and mucosal cells in a species-specific way in several higher vertebrate species and cause cellular growth."There are around 100 different human papillomaviruses (HPVs)", as "more than 150 HPV types have been isolated and fully sequenced". We classify the probability of cancer development following viral infection with each HPV genotype into two types: “low-risk” and “high-risk.” As a result, HPV diagnosis is a critical component of HPV genotype identification and characterization. Based on its activities, we may classify the HPV genome into three regions: the long control region (LCR) or the non-coding upstream regulatory region (URR), the late (L) region, and the early (E) region. Functional proteins are mostly static things that are not inflexible; they have undergone both local and global movements at various times and time ranges. The structural differences between HPV16 and 18 discovered by molecular modeling of the E6 oncoprotein were associated with their carcinogenic characteristics. Similarly, the E6 protein has two sets of C-X-X-C motifs that play significant roles in transformation, transcriptional activation, interactions, and immortalization with other proteins of cells in the host environment. Here, we review the literature regarding the protein mechanisms associated with HPV and how they cause cancer. Unless otherwise noted, it described all protein activities in terms of HPV proteins. The term “papillomaviruses” refers to groups of papillomavirus proteins that have a characteristic in common. HPV proteins can study the genetic influences on pathogenicity and the therapeutic applications of genomics. The future study provides a potential advancement in HPV infections and malignant illnesses to improve preventive and treatment strategies. Patients have been able to conquer this condition using a range of therapies and vaccines that were projected to be effective and robust enough to put an end to the ailment completely. In cancer prevention strategies, HPV vaccination is one of the most effective. It is safe, efficient, and long-lasting.

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Abbreviations

HPV:

Human Papilloma virus

URR:

Upstream regulatory region

LCR:

Long control region

HSV:

Human Sarcoma virus

HIV:

Human immuno virus

WHO:

World health organization

ICC:

Invasive cervical cancer

LSIC:

Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions

HSIC:

High grade squamous intraepithelial lesions

ASCUS:

Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance

ORF:

Open reading frames

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The authors thank the Chettinad Academy of Research Education for the constant support and encouragement.

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  1. Human Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu, 603103, India

    Dhanvee Balaji, Iyshwarya Bhaskar Kalarani, Vajagathali Mohammed & Ramakrishnan Veerabathiran

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  1. Dhanvee Balaji
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Balaji, D., Kalarani, I.B., Mohammed, V. et al. Potential role of human papillomavirus proteins associated with the development of cancer. VirusDis. 33, 322–333 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-022-00786-8

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