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In-silico evidence for enhancement of avian influenza virus H9N2 virulence by modulation of its hemagglutinin (HA) antigen function and stability during co-infection with infectious bronchitis virus in chickens

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Abstract

In the last few decades, frequent incidences of avian influenza (AI) H9N2 outbreaks have caused high mortality in poultry farms resulting in colossal economic losses in several countries. In Egypt, the co-infection of H9N2 with the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been observed extensively during these outbreaks. However, the pathogenicity of H9N2 in these outbreaks remained controversial. The current study reports isolation and characterization of the H9N2 virus recovered from a concurrent IBV infected broiler chicken flock in Egypt during 2011. The genomic RNA was subjected to RT-PCR amplification followed by sequencing and analysis. The deduced amino acid sequences of the eight segments of the current study H9N2 isolate were compared with those of Egyptian H9N2 viruses isolated from healthy and diseased chicken flocks from 2011 to 2013. In the phylogenetic analysis, the current study isolate was found to be closely related to the other Egyptian H9N2 viruses. Notably, no particular molecular characteristic difference was noticed among all the Egyptian H9N2 isolates from apparently healthy, diseased or co-infected with IBV chicken flocks. Nevertheless, in-silico analysis, we noted modulation of stability and motifs structure of Hemagglutinin (HA) antigen among the co-infecting H9N2 AI and the IBV and isolates from the diseased flocks. The findings suggest that the putative factor for enhancement of the H9N2 pathogenicity could be co-infection with other respiratory pathogens such as IBV that might change the HA stability and function.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. Dr. Kunitoshi Imai for the supervision of the wok and his technical support. We are also grateful for Prof. Dr.Haruko Ogawa, Dr.Vuong Nghia Bui, Dr. Dai Quang Trinh, Sachiko Mastuda (Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine) and Dr. Serageldeen Sultan (South Vally University) for their technical support.

Funding

Mohammed AboElkhair was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Egypt during his stay in Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia, Egypt

    Mohammed A. AboElkhair

  2. Bioinformatics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia, Egypt

    Mohamed E. Hasan

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia, Egypt

    Ahmed Mousa

  4. Department of Bird and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia, Egypt

    Ibrahim Moharam & Hesham Sultan

  5. Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Yashpal Malik

  6. Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monufia, Egypt

    Moustafa A. Sakr

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  1. Mohammed A. AboElkhair
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AboElkhair, M.A., Hasan, M.E., Mousa, A. et al. In-silico evidence for enhancement of avian influenza virus H9N2 virulence by modulation of its hemagglutinin (HA) antigen function and stability during co-infection with infectious bronchitis virus in chickens. VirusDis. 32, 548–558 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-021-00688-1

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