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Co-infection of Newcastle disease virus genotype XIII with low pathogenic avian influenza exacerbates clinical outcome of Newcastle disease in vaccinated layer poultry flocks

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Abstract

Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) are economically important infectious diseases of poultry. Sometime, concomitant secondary viral/or bacterial infections significantly alters the pathobiology of ND and AI in poultry. As of now, the disease patterns and dynamics of co-infections caused by ND virus (NDV, genotype XIII) and Low Pathogenic AI viruses (LPAI, H9N2) are explicitly elusive. Thus, we examined the clinicopathological disease conditions due to these two economically important viruses to understand the complex disease outcomes by virus–virus interactions in vaccinated flocks. The findings of clinicopathological and molecular investigations carried on 37 commercial ND vaccinated poultry flocks revealed simultaneous circulation of NDV and AIV in same flock/bird. Further, molecular characterization of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes confirmed that all the identified AIVs were of low pathogenicity H9N2 subtype and fusion (F) gene analysis of detected NDVs belong to NDV class II, genotype XIII, a virulent type. The NDV and H9N2 alone or co-infected flocks (NDV + LPAI) exhibit clinical signs and lesions similar to that of virulent NDV except the degree of severity, which was higher in H9N2–NDV co-infected flocks. Additionally, avian pathogenic E. coli and mycoplasma infections were detected in majority of the ailing/dead birds from the co-infected flocks during progression of the clinical disease. Overall, the findings highlight the multi-factorial disease complexity in commercial poultry and suggest the importance of NDV genotype XIII in intensifying the clinical disease in vaccinated birds.

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Availability of data and materials

All reported data has been submitted to the public domain of NCBI and are accessible under accession numbers; HG 780865, HG 780863, HG 780864, HG 780866, HG 780860, HG780862, HG780869,HG 780867,HG 780868,CY 099356, CY 099357, CY 099363 and CY 099347.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Indian Veterinary Research Institute and Indian Council of Agricultural Research for providing facilities and funds for carrying out the study.

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Author notes

  1. V. Gowthaman

    Present address: Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Namakkal, 637 002, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Avian Diseases Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India

    V. Gowthaman, S. D. Singh & K. Dhama

  2. Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Namakkal, 637 002, India

    T. R. Gopala Krishna Murthy

  3. Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India

    M. A. Ramakrishnan

  4. Division of Biological Standardisation, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India

    Y. P. S. Malik

  5. Department of Animal Husbandry Statistics and Computer Applications, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, 637 002, India

    R. Chitra

  6. Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK

    M Munir

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Gowthaman, V., Singh, S.D., Dhama, K. et al. Co-infection of Newcastle disease virus genotype XIII with low pathogenic avian influenza exacerbates clinical outcome of Newcastle disease in vaccinated layer poultry flocks. VirusDis. 30, 441–452 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-019-00533-6

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