Abstract
This paper reviews distributed discrimination of strain and temperature by use of an optical fiber based on fiber optic nerve systems. The preliminary method based on multiple resonance peaks of the Brillouin gain spectrum in a specially-designed fiber is firstly introduced. The complete discrimination of strain and temperature based on the Brillouin dynamic grating in a polarization maintaining fiber is extensively presented. The basic principle and two experimental schemes of distributed discrimination based on fiber optic nerve systems are demonstrated. The performance of the high discriminative accuracy (0.1 °C–0.3°C and 5 μɛ–12μɛ) and high spatial resolution (∼10 cm) with the effective measurement points of about 50 for a standard system configuration or about 1000 for a modified one will be highly expected in real industry applications.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
K. Hotate and T. Hasegawa, “Measurement of Brillouin gain spectrum distribution along an optical fiber using a correlation-based technique — proposal, experiment and simulation,” IEICE Transactions on Electronics, vol. E83-C, no. 3, pp. 405–412, 2000.
K. Hotate and M. Tanaka, “Correlation-based continuous-wave technique for optical fiber distributed strain measurement using Brillouin scattering with cm-order spatial resolution — applications to smart materials,” IEICE Transactions on Electronics, vol. E84-C, no. 12, pp. 1823–1828, 2001.
K. Y. Song, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Distributed strain measurement with millimeter-order spatial resolution based on Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis,” Optics Letters, vol. 31, no. 17, pp. 2526–2528, 2006.
Y. Mizuno, W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Proposal of Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR),” Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 12148–12153, 2008.
Y. Mizuno, W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Operation of Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry: theoretical analysis and experimental validation,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 3300–3306, 2010.
Y. Mizuno, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “One-end-access high-speed distributed strain measurement with 13-mm spatial resolution based on Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 474–476, 2009.
X. Bao, D. J. Webb, and D. A. Jackson, “32-km distributed temperature sensor based on Brillouin loss in an optical fiber,” Optics Letters, vol. 18, no. 18, pp. 1561–1563, 1993.
M. Nikles, L. Thevenaz, and P. Robert, “Simple distributed fiber sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis,” Optics Letters, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 758–760, 1996.
T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, and Y. Koyamada, “Brillouin optical-fiber time domain reflectometry,” IEICE Transactions on Electronics, vol. E76-B, no. 4, pp. 382–390, 1993.
M. N. Alahbabi, Y. T. Cho, and T. P. Newson, “150-km-range distributed temperature sensor based on coherent detection of spontaneous Brillouin backscatter and in-line Raman amplification,” Journal of the Optical Society of America B, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1321–1324, 2005.
T. Horiguchi, T. Kurashima, and M. Tateda, “Tensile strain dependence of Brillouin frequency shift in silica optical fibers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 107–108, 1989.
T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, and M. Tateda, “Thermal effects of Brillouin gain spectra in silica optical fibers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 2, no. 10, 718–720, 1990.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Investigation of strain- and temperature-dependences of Brillouin frequency shifts in GeO2-doped optical fibers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 26, no. 13, pp. 1854–1861, 2008.
G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear fiber optics (3rd), New York: Academic Press, 2001.
C. C. Lee, P. W. Chiang, and S. Chi, “Utilization of a dispersion-shifted fiber for simultaneous measurement of distributed strain and temperature through Brillouin frequency shift,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1094–1096, 2001.
L. Zou, X. Bao, and L. Chen, “Brillouin scattering spectrum in photonic crystal fiber with a partially germanium-doped core,” Optics Letters, vol. 28, no. 21, pp. 2022–2024, 2003.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Stimulated Brillouin scattering and its dependences on strain and temperature in a high-delta optical fiber with F-doped depressed inner cladding,” Optics Letters, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 600–602, 2007.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Two-dimensional finite element modal analysis of Brillouin gain spectra in optical fibers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 18, no. 23, pp. 2487–2489, 2006.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Acoustic modal analysis and control in w-shaped triple-layer optical fibers with highly-germanium-doped core and F-doped inner cladding,” Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 14, pp. 10006–10017, 2008.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Experimental study of Brillouin scattering in fluorine-doped single-mode optical fibers,” Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 23, pp. 18804–18812, 2008.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Dependence of Brillouin frequency shift in optical fibers on draw-induced residual elastic and inelastic strains,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 19, no. 18, pp. 1389–1391, 2007.
T. P. Parker, M. Farhadiroushan, V. A. Handerek, and A. J. Rogers, “Temperature and strain dependence of the power level and frequency of spontaneous Brillouin scattering in optical fibers,” Optics Letters, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 787–789, 1997.
T. Okoshi, “Single-polarization single-mode optical fibers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 879–884, 1981.
K. Hotate, K. Makino, Z. He, M. Ishikawa, and Y. Yoshikuni, “High spatial resolution fiber-optic distributed lateral-stress sensing by stepwise frequency modulation of a super structure grating distributed Bragg reflector laser diode,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 2733–2740, 2006.
K. Y. Song, W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “All-optical dynamic grating generation based on Brillouin scattering in polarization-maintaining fiber,” Optics Letters, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 926–928 2008.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Complete discrimination of strain and temperature using Brillouin frequency shift and birefringence in a polarization-maintaining fiber,” Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1248–1255, 2009.
K. S. Chiang, D. Wong, and P. L. Chu, “Strain-induced birefringence in a highly birefringent optical fiber,” Electronics Letters, vol. 26, no. 17, pp. 1344–1346, 1990.
X. Bao, Q. Yu, and L. Chen, “Simultaneous strain and temperature measurements with polarization maintaining fibers and their error analysis by use of a distributed Brillouin loss system,” Optics Letters, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1342–1344, 2004.
W. Zou, Z. He, K. Y. Song, and K. Hotate, “Correlation-based distributed measurement of a dynamic grating spectrum generated in stimulated Brillouin scattering in a polarization-maintaining optical fiber,” Optics Letters, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1126–1128, 2009.
K. Y. Song, W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Optical time-domain measurement of Brillouin dynamic grating spectrum in a polarization maintaining fiber,” Optics Letters, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1381–1383, 2009.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “One-laser-based generation/detection of Brillouin dynamic grating and its application to distributed discrimination of strain and temperature,” Optics Express, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 2363–2370, 2011.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Demonstration of Brillouin distributed discrimination of strain and temperature using a polarization-maintaining optical fiber,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 526–528, 2010.
Y. Dong, L. Chen, and X. Bao, “High-spatial-resolution time-domain simultaneous strain and temperature sensor using Brillouin scattering and birefringence in a polarization-maintaining fiber,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 22, no. 18, pp. 1364–1366, 2010.
R. K. Yamashita, W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Measurement range elongation based on temporal gating in Brillouin optical correlation domain distributed simultaneous sensing of strain and temperature,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1006–1008, 2012.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Enlargement of measurement range by double frequency modulations in one-laser Brillouin correlation-domain distributed discrimination system,” presented at Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) (Optical Society of America, 2011), Baltimore, paper CThL5, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, May 1–6, 2011.
M. Mure, M. Imai, and S. Miura, “Measurement range enlargement of Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis by pulse correlation method,” in Proc. 42nd Meeting on Lightwave Technology, pp. 129–135, 2008.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Realization of high-speed distributed sensing based on Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) (Optical Society of America, 2009), Baltimore, Maryland, United States, Jun. 2–4, pp. 1–2, 2009.
W. Zou, Z. He, and K. Hotate, “Distributed dynamic-strain sensing based on Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis,” in The 8th Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO/PR) (Optical Society of America, 2009), Shanghai, China, Aug. 30–Sep. 3, pp. 1–2, 2009.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Hotate, K., Zou, W., Yamashita, R.K. et al. Distributed discrimination of strain and temperature based on Brillouin dynamic grating in an optical fiber. Photonic Sens 3, 332–344 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-013-0130-7
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-013-0130-7