Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is one of the most destructive diseases of tomatoes in Iran, causing severe yield losses and quality reduction. However, not many studies have been conducted to explore the use of resistant rootstocks for managing this disease and minimizing production losses in the region. In this study the level of resistance of multiple tomato cultivars and lines were evaluated against FOL. The most FOL-resistant cultivars were then selected as possible rootstocks and two resistant scions were grafted onto them. FOL was inoculated and the resistance of grafted plants was assessed using several indices, including disease incidence (DI), disease severity (DS), and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). In addition, stem length and diameter of the grafted samples were measured. Out of 29 lines and cultivars, only nine, including, Koper, 1616, TOM5, IR.SR3, 1626, 1631, IR.SA1 and the resistant Maxifort and Beaufort check cultivars, found to be the most resistant against FOL and were subsequently used for rootstocks. Koper and 1616 rootstocks exhibited the lowest percentages of AUDPC, DS and DI compared to the grafted plants as well as the susceptible and two resistant checks. They also exhibited relatively greater stem length and diameter. The results in this study suggest the potential of resistant rootstocks in preventing disease progression, which also provide possibilities for control of wilt disease and low-input sustainable horticulture in the region.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability statement
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to commercial confidentiality but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abbasi S, Safaie N, Sadeghi A, Shamsbakhsh M (2019) Streptomyces strains induce resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici race 3 in tomato through different molecular mechanisms. Front Microbiol 10:1505. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01505
Ait Rahou Y, Ait-El-Mokhtar M, Anli M, Boutasknit A, Ben-Laouane R, Douira A, Benkirane R, El Modafar C, Meddich A (2021) Use of mycorrhizal fungi and compost for improving the growth and yield of tomato and its resistance to Verticillium dahlia. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 54(13–14):665–690. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2020.1854938
Ayukawa Y, Komatsu K, Kashiwa T, Akai K, Yamada M, Teraoka T, Arie T (2016) Detection and differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 using loop-mediated isothermal amplification with three primer sets. Lett Appl Microbiol 63(3):202–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12597
Bawa I (2016) Management strategies of Fusarium wilt disease of tomato incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.): A review. Int J Adv Acad Res 2(5):32–42
Campbell CL, Madden LV (1990) Introduction to plant disease epidemiology. Wiley, New York
Campos MD, Félix MDR, Patanita M, Materatski P, Varanda C (2021) High throughput sequencing unravels tomato-pathogen interactions towards a sustainable plant breeding. Hortic Res 8(1):171. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00607-x
Carmona SL, Burbano-David D, Gómez MR, Lopez W, Ceballos N, Castaño-Zapata J, Simbaqueba J, Soto-Suárez M (2020) Characterization of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolates associated with commercial tomato crops in the Andean region of Colombia. Pathogens 9(1):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010070
Catanzariti A-M, Do HTT, Bru P, de Sain M, Thatcher LF, Rep M, Jones DA (2017) The tomato I gene for Fusarium wilt resistance encodes an atypical leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein whose function is nevertheless dependent on SOBIR1 and SERK3/BAK1. Plant J 89:1195–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13458
Chaudhary A, Bansal N, Gajraj A, Singh RV (2003) Antifertility, antibacterial, antifungal and percent disease incidence aspects of macrocyclic complexes of manganese (II). J Inorg Biochem 96(2–3):393–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00157-0
Charles DD, Julienne N, Blaise DLJ, Hubert GYJ, Renéa AU, Irénéec S, Henry AZP (2016) Antifungal potential of essential oils, aqueous and ethanol extracts of thirteen plants against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and phytophatora infestans (Mont.) de Bary as major tomato pathogens in Cameroon. Int J Curr Sci Res Rev 19(2):128–145
Chitwood-Brown J, Vallad GE, Lee TG, Hutton SF (2021) Breeding for resistance to fusarium wilt of tomato: A review. Genes 12(11):1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12111673
FAOSTAT (2020) Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics. www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 18 September 2020
Farahbakhsh F, Hamzehzarghani H, Massah A, Tortosa M, Yasayee M, Rodriguez VM (2019) Comparative metabolomics of temperature sensitive resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars. J Plant Physiol 237:30–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.011
Ganiyu SA, Popoola AR, Enikuomehin OA, Bodunde JG (2018) Influence of grafting on growth and yield performance of two tomato cultivars grown in open field in Nigeria. J Plant Pathol 100:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-018-0008-z
Grattidge R, O’Brien RG (1982) Occurrence of a third race of Fusarium wilt of tomatoes in Queensland. Plant Dis 66(2):165–166. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-66-165
Hirano Y, Arie T (2006) PCR-based differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and radicis-lycopersici and races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. J Gen Plant Pathol 72(5):273–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-006-0287-7
Inami K, Kashiwa T, Kawabe M, OnoKubo-OKabe A, ishiKawa N, Pérez ER, Hozumi T, Caballero LA, de Baldarrago FC, Roco MJ, Madadi KA, Peever TL, Teraoka T, Kodama M, Arie T (2014) The tomato wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici shares common ancestors with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolated from wild tomatoes in the Peruvian Andes. Microbes Environ ME13184. https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME13184
Leslie JF, Summerell BA (2006) The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Iowa
Lopez-Perez JA, Le Strange M, Kaloshian I, Ploeg AT (2006) Differential response of Mi gene-resistant tomato rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). J Crop Prot 25(4):382–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.07.001
Manikandan R, Harish S, Karthikeyan G, Raguchander T (2018) Comparative proteomic analysis of different isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici to exploit the differentially expressed proteins responsible for virulence on tomato plants. Front Microbiol 9:420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00420
McGovern RJ (2015) Management of tomato diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Crop Prot 73:78–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.02.021
Michielse CB, Rep M (2009) Pathogen profile update: Fusarium oxysporum. Mol Plant Pathol 10:311–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00538.x
Mishra PK, Fox RTV, Culham A (2003) Development of a PCR-based assay for rapid and reliable identification of pathogenic Fusaria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 218(2):329–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2003.tb11537.x
Musa I, Rafii MY, Ahmad K, Ramlee SI, Md Hatta MA, Oladosu Y, Muhammad II, Chukwu SC, Mat Sulaiman NN, Ayanda AF, Halidu J (2020) Effects of grafting on morphophysiological and yield characteristic of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) grafted onto wild relative rootstocks. Plants 9(11):1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111583
Nordey T, Schwarz D, Kenyon L, Manickam R, Huat J (2020) Tapping the potential of grafting to improve the performance of vegetable cropping systems in sub-Saharan Africa. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 40:23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00628-1
Rispail N, Rubiales D (2014) Identification of sources of quantitative resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis in Medicago truncatula. Plant Dis 98(5):667–673. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-13-0217-RE
Rivard CL, Louws FJ (2008) Grafting to manage soilborne diseases in heirloom tomato production. Hortic Sci 43(7):2104–2111. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.7.2104
Saremi H, Saremi H (2013) Isolation of the most common Fusarium species and the effect of soil solarisation on main pathogenic species in different climatic zones of Iran. Eur J Plant Pathol 137:585–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-013-0272-x
Saman P, Kawicha P, Sangdee A, Wongpakdee S, Rattanapolsan L, Ponpang-Nga P, Suwor P, Thanyasiriwat T (2022) Grafting compatibility, scion growth, and Fusarium wilt disease incidence of intraspecific grafted tomato. J Hortic Res. https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2022-0020
Sathiyabama M, Charles RE (2015) Fungal cell wall polymer-based nanoparticles in protection of tomato plants from wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Carbohydr Polym. 133:400–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.066
Swamy Gowda MR, Mahesh HM, Sharada MS, Sudhakar P (2018) Host-pathogen interactions of tomato and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici pathogen causing wilt and its control through botanical extract. Int J Curr Life Sci 7(3):1345–1350.
Thakur S, Mehta DK, Thakur R (2020) Grafting in vegetables - A new technique. Biotica Res Today 2(6):489–492
Vakalounakis DJ, Fragkiadakis GA (1999) Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum isolates from cucumber: differentiation by pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility, and RAPD fingerprinting. Phytopathology 89(2):161–168. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.2.161
Zhang ZH, Li MM, Cao BL, Chen ZJ, Xu K (2021) Grafting improves tomato yield under low nitrogen conditions by enhancing nitrogen metabolism in plants. Protoplasma 258:1077–1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01623-3
Zhong S, Steffenson BJ (2001) Virulence and molecular diversity in Cochliobolus sativus. Phytopathology 91(5):469–476. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.5.469
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Department of Plant Protection at University of Tehran, and Vegetable Research Center at Iranian Horticultural Science Research Institute. We would like to thank our colleagues Dr. Reza Salehi Mohammadi from Department of Horticultural Science, University of Tehran and Dr. Mashhid Henareh from Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center- West Azarbaijan, for their help on this paper. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions for improving the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Consent for publication
The authors declare this manuscript is prepared as a part of a research project and has not yet been published in any other journal.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Molagholizadeh, F., Hajianfar, R., Saremi, H. et al. Evaluation of tomato rootstocks resistant to the fungal wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Australasian Plant Pathol. 52, 195–205 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-023-00910-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-023-00910-2