Abstract
In 2014, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) was detected for the first time in Australia infecting watermelon crops in the Northern Territory (NT). In July 2016, a leaf sample was collected from a cucumber plant with leaf mottle and distortion symptoms growing in a commercial plastic tunnel house at Geraldton, Western Australia (WA). Testing by multiple methods confirmed CGMMV presence in the cucumber sample. Delimiting surveys of five of the main cucurbit growing areas in WA were conducted to determine the extent of CGMMV occurrence. This survey included commercial cucurbit farms (field and protected cropping), roadside verges (primarily Cucurbitaceae weeds) and seedling nurseries. A total of 22,905 leaf samples from cucurbit crop plants or weeds were collected and tested for CGMMV. Out of the 95 locations surveyed, 16 locations in the Kununurra, Carnarvon, Geraldton or Perth cropping regions were found to have plants infected with CGMMV. CGMMV was detected in cucumber, rockmelon, honeydew melon and watermelon crops in the open field or protected cropping facilities, and in the native plant Cucumis myriocarpus and naturalized weed Cucumis variabilis. Seven whole genome sequences of CGMMV were obtained using high throughput sequencing (HTS), with 99.1–99.9% nucleotide identities to each other. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 7 new sequences grouped with 2 other Australian sequences, two from the USA and one from the Netherlands. This highlights the limited genetic diversity of CGMMV within Australia suggesting a single recent incursion.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams MJ, Adkins S, Bragard C, Gilmer D, Li D, MacFarlane SA, Wong S, Melcher U, Ratti C, Ryu KH (2017) ICTV report consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Virgaviridae J Gen Virol 98:1999–2000
Ainsworth GC (1935) Mosaic disease of cucumber. Ann Appl Biol 22:55–67
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 215(3):403–10
Ayres DL, Darling A, Zwickl DJ, Beerli P, Holder MT, Lewis PO et al (2012) BEAGLE: an application programming interface and high-performance computing library for statistical phylogenetics. Systematic Biology. 2012; 61(1):170±3. Epub 2011/10/04
Clark, MF, Adams AN (1977) Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses. J Gen Virol 34:475–483
Clarke R, Webster CG, Kehoe MA, Coutts BA, Broughton S, Warmington M Jones RAC (2020) Epidemiology of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in cucurbit crops in a remote tropical environment. Virus Res 281:197897
Constable F, Daly A, Terras MA, Penrose L, Dall D (2018) Detection in Australia of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in seed lots of cucurbit crops. Aust Plant Dis Notes 13:18
Coutts BA, Kehoe MA, Webster CG, Wylie SJ, Jones RAC (2011) Zucchini yellow mosaic virus: biological properties, detection procedures and comparison of coat protein gene sequences. Arch Virol 156:2119–2131
Crespo O Janssen D, García C, Ruiz L (2017) Biological and Molecular Diversity of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Spain. Plant Dis 101:977–984
Darzi E, Smith E, Shargil D, Lachman O, Ganot L, Dombrovsky A (2018) The honeybee Apis mellifera contributes to Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus spread via pollination. Plant Pathol 67:244–251
Dombrovsky A, Tran-Nguyen LTT, Jones RAC (2017) Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus: Rapidly increasing global distribution, etiology, epidemiology and managaement. Ann Rev Phytopath 55:231–256
DPIRD (2017) Resolving the critical disease threat to the Western Australian cucurbit industry. https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/biosecurity/resolving-critical-disease-threat-western-australian-cucurbit-industry
Fletcher JT (1969) Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, its effect on yield and its control in the Lea valley. England Plant Pathol 18:16–22
Gibbs AJ, Gower JC (1960) The use of a multiple-transfer method in plant virus transmission studies—some statistical points arising in the analysis of results. Annals of Applied Biology 48:75–83
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics 17:754–755
Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Mol Biol Evol 30:772–780
Kehoe MA, Jones RAC, Coutts BA (2017) First complete genome sequence of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus isolated from Australia. Genome Announce 5:e00036-e117
Li JX, Liu SS, Gu QS (2016) Transmission efficiency of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus via seeds, soil, pruning and irrigation water. J Phytopathol 164:300–309
Ling KS, Li R, Zhang W (2014) First report of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infecting greenhouse cucumber in Canada. Plant Dis 98:701
Liu HW, Luo LX, Li JQ, Liu PF, Chen XY, Hao JJ (2014) Pollen and seed transmission of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in cucumber. Plant Pathol 63:72–77
Motoyoshi F, Nishiguchi M (1988) Control of virus diseases by attenuated virus strains, comparison between attenuated strains of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Gamma Field Symp 27:91–109
Park C-H, Ju H-K, Han J-Y, Park J-S, Kim I-H, Seo E-Y, Kim J-K, Hammond J, Lim H-S (2017) Complete nucleotide sequences and construction of full-length infectious cDNA clones of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in a versatile newly developed binary vector including both 35S and T7 promoters. Virus Genes 53:286–299
Reingold V, Lachman O, Koren A, Dombrovsky A (2013) First report of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) symptoms in watermelon used for the discrimination of non-marketable fruits in Israeli commercial fields. New Dis Rep 28:11
Reingold V, Lachman O, Blaosov E, Dombrovsky A (2015) Seed disinfection treatments do not sufficiently eliminate infectivity of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) on cucurbit seeds. Plant Path 64:245–255
Reingold V, Lachman O, Belausov E, Koren A, Mor N, Dombrovsky A (2016) Epidemiological study of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in greenhouses enables reduction of disease damage in cucurbit production. Ann Appl Biol 168:29–40
Roberts JMK, Ireland KB, Tay WT, Paini D (2018) Honey bee-assisted surveillance for early plant virus detection. Ann Appl Biol 1–9
Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP (2003) MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572–1574
Tesoriero LA, Chambers G, Srivastava M, Smith S, Conde B, Tran-Nguyen LTT (2015) First report of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Australia. Australas Plant Dis Notes 11:1–3
Tian T, Posis K, Maroon-Lango CJ, Mavrodieva V, Haymes S et al (2014) First report of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus on melon in the United States. Plant Dis 98:1163
Webster CG, Harasymow S, Coutts BA, Jones RAC (Unpublished) Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus: Infectivity following serial dilution, stability in soils and on common surfaces, and inactivation by common disinfectants
Acknowledgements
Computational resources provided by the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre who are supported by the Australian Government and the Government of Western Australia supported this work. In addition, Dr Laura Boykin and Mr Anders Savil provided invaluable advice regarding the use of Mr Bayes. The Western Australian Department of Regional Development Boosting Biosecurity Defences Project’s Research and Development Fund provided financial support using funds from Royalties for Regions (RfR).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kehoe, M.A., Webster, C., Wang, C. et al. Occurrence of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Western Australia. Australasian Plant Pathol. 51, 1–8 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-021-00814-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-021-00814-z