Abstract
Despite being recognised as a serious pest of turf grasses in Australia, there has been limited research into the southern sting nematode (Ibipora lolii). This study examined its occurrence and population dynamics in the Perth region of Western Australia and assessed the level of resistance and tolerance of turf grasses to this nematode. In a systematic survey of 90 municipal sports fields on which kikuyu was the most common turf species, I. lolii was detected in 51% of sites. The mean population density was 27 nematodes/200 mL soil, but was almost eight times higher in localised areas where symptoms were severe. Infested turf tended to be relatively sparse and have a shallow root system. In a 2-year population dynamics study on a kikuyu sports field, I. lolii reproduced year-round, but exhibited a seasonal pattern of fluctuation in population density. Numbers increased when conditions were cool and wet during the winter rainfall period, peaking in October, and then declined during the hot and dry irrigation season. Although the population density of I. lolii was always greatest in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile, nematodes were consistently recovered from depths of 50–70 cm, showing that it was capable of deep vertical movement. A field experiment comparing four cultivars of couch and two cultivars of kikuyu showed that none of the cultivars exhibited resistance or tolerance to I. lolii. Nematode numbers increased rapidly in infested plots, regardless of cultivar, while in comparison with non-infested plots, the mean total plant biomass and root dry weight were reduced by 53% and 88%, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barton L, Wan GGY, Buck RP, Colmer TD (2009) Does N fertiliser regime influence N leaching and quality of different-aged turfgrass (Pennisetum clandestinum) stands? Plant Soil 316:81–96
Bekal S, Becker JO (2000) Population dynamics of the sting nematode in California turfgrass. Plant Dis 84:1081–1084
Busey P, Giblin-Davis RM, Center BJ (1993) Resistance in Stenotaphrum to the sting nematode. Crop Sci 33:1066–1070
Crow WT (2014) Nematode management for golf courses in Florida. University of Florida. ENY-008 (IN124)
Crow WT (2018) Sting Nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus. University of Florida. ENY-618
Huang X, Becker JO (1997) In vitro culture and feeding behaviour of Belonolaimus longicaudatus on excised Zea mays roots. J Nematol 29:411–415
McArthur WM (2004) Reference soils of south-western Australia. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth.
Pang W, Luc JE, Crow WT, Kenworthy KE, Giblin-Davis RM, McSorley RM, Kruse JK (2011) Field responses of bermudagrass and seashore paspalum cultivars to sting and spiral nematodes. J Nematol 43:201–208
Robbins RT, Barker KR (1974) The effects of soil type, particle size, temperature, and moisture on reproduction of Belonolaimus longicaudatus. J Nematol 6:1–6
Ruscoe PE, Stirling GR (2020) Southern sting nematode (Ibipora lolii), a serious pest of turf grasses in Australia. A review of what can be learnt from research on Belonolaimus longicaudatus, a closely related pest of turfgrass and many crops in the United States. Australas Plant Pathol 49:493–504
Siviour TR, McLeod RW (1979) Redescription of Ibipora lolii (Siviour 1978) comb. N. (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae) with observations on its host range and pathogenicity. Nematologica 25:487–493
Stirling GR, Stirling AM, Giblin-Davis RM, Ye W, Porazinska DL, Nobbs JM, Johnston KJ (2013) Distribution of southern sting nematode, Ibipora lolii (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae), on turfgrass in Australia and its taxonomic relationship to other belonolaimids. Nematology 15:401–415
Whitehead AG, Hemming JR (1965) A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. Ann Appl Biol 55:25–38
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ruscoe, P.E., Aitken, E.A.B. & Stirling, G.R. Southern sting nematode (Ibipora lolii): its occurrence and population dynamics in Western Australia and an assessment of resistance and tolerance to the nematode in turf grasses. Australasian Plant Pathol. 50, 559–569 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-021-00805-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-021-00805-0