Abstract
An eight month old boy presented with a subacute febrile illness and radiological evidence of multifocal cavitatory consolidations in the lungs. He continued to worsen despite multiple oral and intravenous antibiotics. Preterminally, he developed respiratory distress, hepatosplenomegaly, bicytopenia, and hepatic dysfunction. Investigation for cause of persistent pneumonia resulted in a diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease on the basis of Dihydrorhodamine assay and genetic analysis. Postmortem blood culture grew Burkholderia cenocepacia. Autopsy revealed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with massive necrosis and abscesses in bilateral lungs. No organism could be identified by traditional stains on autopsy. Conventional PCR targeting 16S ribosomal DNA yielded Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis. In conclusion, an unusual course of pneumonia warrants invasive investigations for isolation of underlying organism, which not only provides guidance to choice of antimicrobials but also provides clue to an underlying disease.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Skolnik N, Tien P. Community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children. Fam Pract News. 2011;41:22.
Yousif TI, Elnazir B. Approach to a child with recurrent pneumonia. Sudan J Paediatr. 2015;15:71–7.
Roya-Pabon CL, Perez-Velez CM. Tuberculosis exposure, infection and disease in children: A systematic diagnostic approach. Pneumonia. 2016;8:23.
Davies JC, Alton EWFW, Bush A. Cystic fibrosis. BMJ. 2007;335:1255–9.
Song E, Jaishankar G, Saleh H, Jithpratuck W, Sahni R, Krishnaswamy G. Chronic granulomatous disease: A review of the infectious and inflammatory complications. Clin Mol Allergy. 2011;9:10.
Winkelstein JA, Marino MC, Johnston RB, et al. Chronic granulomatous disease. Report on a national registry of 368 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;79:155–69.
Köker MY, Camcýoðlu Y, van Leeuwen K, et al. Clinical, functional, and genetic characterization of chronic granulomatous disease in 89 Turkish patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:1156–63.e5.
King J, Henriet S, Warris A. Aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease. J Fungi. 2016;2:15.
Greenberg DE, Goldberg JB, Stock F, Murray PR, Holland SM, LiPuma JJ. Recurrent burkholderia infection in patients with chronic granulomatous disease: 11-year Experience at a large referral center. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1577–9.
Henter J-I, Horne A, Aricó M, et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Guidelines for Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48:124–31.
Wilson JW. Nocardiosis: updates and clinical overview. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87:403–7.
Minero MV, Marín M, Cercenado E, Rabadán PM, Bouza E, Muñoz P. Nocardiosis at the turn of the century: Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88:250–61.
Thomsen IP, Smith MA, Holland SM, Creech CB. A comprehensive approach to the management of children and adults with Chronic Granulomatous Disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:1082–8.
Marciano BE, Spalding C, Fitzgerald A, et al. Common severe infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2015;60:1176–83.
Freeman AF, Marciano BE, Anderson VL, Uzel G, Costas C, Holland SM. Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe Nocardia pneumonia in chronic granulomatous disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:806–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Funding: None; Competing interests: None stated.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sekar, A., Gupta, A., Rawat, A. et al. Persistent Pneumonia in an Infant. Indian Pediatr 58, 1067–1073 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-021-2375-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-021-2375-3