Abstract
Adolescent immunization is one of the important yet a neglected field in India. There is no adolescent-specific schedule in the government’s Universal Immunization Program. Though a separate adolescent immunization schedule exists for the private sector, there is almost no data on the coverage rates of the adolescent vaccines. With the changing epidemiology of certain vaccine preventable diseases, rapid development in the field of vaccinology and the advent of some new vaccines, there is a need to revisit the adolescent vaccination schedule. Common vaccine preventable diseases like dengue, mumps, hepatitis A and typhoid should be given higher priority whereas an alternate strategy should be adopted on the use of the vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Verma R, Khanna P, Chawla S. Adolescent vaccines: Need special focus in India. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11:2880–2.
World Health Organization. India’s Measles Rubella Vaccination Campaign a Big Step Towards Reducing Childhood Mortality, Addressing Birth Defects;2016. Available from: https://doi.org/www.searo.who.int/mediacentre/features/2017/india-measles-rubella-vaccinationcampaign/en/. Accessed August 30, 2018.
National Family Health Survey, India. NFHS–4 Publications. Available from: https://doi.org/rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf. Accessed March 4, 2018.
World Health Organization. Reported estimates of TT2+ coverage. Available from: https://doi.org/apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/timeseries/tscoveragett2plus.html. Accessed August 30, 2018.
Murhekar M. Epidemiology of diphtheria in India, 1996–2016: Implications for prevention and control. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97:313–8.
Bajaj S, Bobdey P, Singh N. Measles outbreak in adults: A changing epidemiological pattern. Medical Journal of DY Patil University. 2017;10:447–52.
Arankalle V, Mitra M, Bhave S, Ghosh A, Balasubramanian S, Chatterjee S, et al. Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A virus in Indian children. Vaccine: Development and Therapy. 2014:4:7–13.
Choudhury P. Immunization of Adolescents. In: Vashishtha VM, Choudhury P, Bansal CP, et al. IAP Guidebook on Immunization 2013–2014. Gwalior: National Publication House, Indian Academy of Pediatrics; 2014;357–63.
Balasubramanian S, Shah A, Pemde HK, Chatterjee P, Shivananda S, Guduru VK, et al. Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) Advisory Committee on Vaccines and Immunization Practices (ACVIP) Recommended Immunization Schedule (2018–19) and Update on Immunization for Children Aged 0 Through 18 Years. Indian Pediatr. 2018;55:1066–74.
Kaur P, Mehrotra R, Rengaswamy S, Kaur T, Hariprasad R, Mehendale SM, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine for cancer cervix prevention: Rationale and recommendations for implementation in India. Indian J Med Res. 2017;146:153–7.
Shepard DS, Undurraga EA, Halasa YA. Economic and disease burden of dengue in Southeast Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2055.
Mutheneni SR, Morse AP, Caminade C, Upadhyayula SM. Dengue burden in India: Recent trends and importance of climatic parameters. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2017;6:e70.
World Health Organization. Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, April 2018–Conclusions and Recommendations. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2018,93;329–44.
Wichmann O, Vannice K, Asturias EJ, de Albuquerque Luna EJ, Longini I, Lopez AL, et al. Live–attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccines: The needs and challenges of post–licensure evaluation of vaccine safety and effectiveness. Vaccine. 2017;35:5535–42.
Dengue Fever Vaccine Pipeline Update: The Latest Progress on Protection Against the Virus. Available from: https://doi.org/www.breakdengue.org/dengue-fever-vaccinepipeline/. Accessed March 10, 2018.
Klein NP, Bartlett J, Fireman B, Baxter R. Waning Tdap effectiveness in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016;137: e20153326.
Koepke R, Eickhoff JC, Ayele RA, Petit AB, Schauer SL, Hopfensperger DJ, et al. Estimating the effectiveness of tetanus–diphtheria–acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) for preventing pertussis: evidence of rapidly waning immunity and difference in effectiveness by Tdap brand. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:942–53.
Acosta AM, DeBolt C, Tasslimi A, Lewis M, Stewart LK, Misegades LK, et al. Tdap vaccine effectiveness in adolescents during the 2012 Washington State pertussis epidemic. Pediatrics. 2015;135:981–9.
Briere EC, Pondo T, Schmidt M, Skoff T, Shang N, Naleway A, et al. Assessment of Tdap Vaccination effectiveness in adolescents in integrated health–care systems. J Adolesc Health. 2018;62:661–6.
Vashishtha VM, Yadav S, Dabas A, Bansal CP, Agarwal RC, Yewale VN, et al. IAP position paper on burden of mumps in India and vaccination strategies. Indian Pediatr. 2015;52:505–14.
Rathi A, Sharma S. Vaccine preventable diseases in indian adults–burden and prevention. Infect Dis Diag Treat. 2017:J102.
Antillón M, Warren JL, Crawford FW, Weinberger DM, Kürüm E, Pak GD, et al. The burden of typhoid fever in low–and middle–income countries: A meta–regression approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005376.
GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age–sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1151–210.
Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro–Holliday MC, Baiqing D, Bhattacharya SK, Agtini MD, et al. A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:260–8.
Lee BW. Review of varicella zoster seroepidemiology in India and Southeast Asia. Trop Med Int Health. 1998;3:886–90.
Ray G. Current scenario of hepatitis B and its treatment in India. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2017;5:277–96.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vashishtha, V.M. Adolescent Immunization Schedule: Need for a Relook. Indian Pediatr 56, 101–104 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-019-1479-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-019-1479-5